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Preface
In this volume we have gathered twenty-eight essays, most of which were presented at an international conference organized at the Université de Liège (September 6–8, 2012). The aim of Mamluk Cairo, a Crossroads for Embassies was to convene specialists from various fields of expertise to engage in the debate over the diplomatic relations between the Mamluk sultanate and other Muslim and non-Muslim powers in the time frame corresponding to the ascent of the Mamluks to power (1250) until their fall to the Ottomans (1517).
Our choice to focus on the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt and Syria for such an inquiry is expedient for a number of reasons. First, the period that saw the emergence of the Mamluks is of the greatest importance to the field of Islamic history, as it witnessed the end of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad and with it the collapse of the mamlakat al-Islām ideal. This gave birth to a new Islamic order characterized by the recognition of an Islamic world both divided and manifold. The Mamluks were situated at the junction of these two worlds: the old, which they sought to reproduce, and the incipient one they witnessed. Second, the Mamluks proved themselves to be supreme Islamic rulers. They did so by defeating the Mongols’ advance in Palestine and, later, by defeating the crusaders. They thus became the saviors and defenders of Islam. They also earned themselves prestige for restoring the Abbasid caliphate in Cairo. Even if their position was very often questioned and challenged by Muslim rivals, one cannot, however, deny their major role as protectors of the Muslim community during the pilgrimage. Indeed, Mamluk sultans, by their seasonal domination in the Hijaz, as well as their hold on Christian holy sites, were unavoidable interlocutors with both the Muslim and non-Muslim communities.
Their strategic holding of the Hijaz also further increased Mamluks’ importance in the commercial sphere, particularly in the case of transit trade. This dominance brought about a significant increase in exchanges with the Latin West, which was quite concerned with its commercial interests at that time and was anxious to preserve certain benefits. Finally, we cannot ignore the importance of Cairo, the Mamluk capital, as the epicenter of Islamic culture and knowledge. The Mamluks set themselves up as worthy heirs of the Ayyubids in the fashion of a revival of Sunni Islam. This, in particular, they accomplished by establishing four chief judgeships over each of the schools of law and by patronizing numerous madrasas, such that Cairo became an inevitable stage for people in search of knowledge. The Mamluk sultanate therefore occupied a central and strategic position in the premodern period. Every day, its capital, Cairo, received representatives from many foreign countries seeking to discuss various matters with the sultan.
In constant contact with the neighboring world, Cairo truly proved itself a crossroads for embassies. In addition to the obvious importance of the Mamluk sultanate as a diplomatic interlocutor, another reason justifies our focus on this power as a primary field of inquiry: the sources. Indeed, the Mamluk period is well known for the abundance, but also the great variety of its historiographic production. Not only do we possess numerous chronicles, which recorded the arrival and reception of foreign embassies to Cairo—and to a lesser extent Damascus—, throughout the entire period of Mamluk rule, but many other narrative sources are extant, which complete and adjust the data found in the chronicles. Biographical dictionaries, for example, provide additional details on the status and careers of the men involved in the exchanges. The corpora of administrative literature, which accurately characterize the encyclopedic trends of the time, are even more relevant to this inquiry into diplomatic contacts. This administrative literature is crucial to our understanding of the frame and modalities of the exchanges as they establish the institutional basis that regulated diplomatic contacts. Furthermore, along with the theoretical information they contain, those corpora also retained copies of numerous correspondences, treaties, and other documents that have not reached us through the archives.
These copies are of prime importance, since they represent the only witness of the contacts that took place between the Mamluk sultans and their Muslim and non-Muslim counterparts. Along with these obvious sources, other works from the period addressed diplomatic contacts more indirectly. This is, for example, the case of the Mirror for princes literature and some fatwa collections, which touch on the normative and practical dealing of diplomatic relations, respectively. If the Mamluk period is rich in sources produced under the patronage of the sultans or their elites, many powers in contact with the Mamluks also recorded or kept a record of these exchanges. In the latter category, we note the numerous original documents preserved in various European archives (especially in Italy and Spain). These documents are essential, since, on the one hand, they represent the only example of original material we have. But on the other hand, they include, in some cases, translations of Arabic originals, which also attest to the translators’ work.
Whereas these archives are a direct witness of diplomatic contacts, the LatinWest has also provided us with many indirect accounts, such as those of pilgrims and merchants who made their way to Mamluk territory. In some cases, these individuals recorded diplomatic encounters in their travelogues and memoirs, which they describe in more or less detail. Along with the ‘European’ materials, other Muslim courts also kept records of their contacts with the sultanate in their historiographies. All these materials combined offer unique opportunities to reconstitute, if not a total history of Mamluk diplomatic contacts, at least a connected one.
The period of the Mamluk sultanate (1250–1517) is highly exciting for the history of the diplomatic contacts. It was a time of tremendous change, with regard to the means and discourse of legitimacy, and the formulation of ideologies, a time in which Turco-Mongol traditions brought new components, that often opposed the sharīʿa ideals. These new discourses are well attested through the many exchanges—cordial and hostile—that took place among the various powers. The Mongol invasions of core Islamic regions also had major consequences for the increased mobility of individuals (military and civilians) seeking asylum and new opportunities. Many of those settled in Mamluk territory, brought not only their skills, but also—maybe more importantly—their networks and connections to their ‘homelands.’ The Mamluks (both sultans and elite) being themselves ‘outsiders’ had no problem integrating and accommodating these new elements.
Finally, the so-called Pax mongolica also had a tremendous impact on the process by which Latin individuals and merchants were integrated into the open system it created. While most studies of diplomatic relations of the Mamluk sultanate—but also of other contemporary powers—have so far looked at contacts between ‘state’-like entities on the model of the nation-state studies, in this volume, our aim is to combine all those separate cases and break through the frontiers— both ideological and spatial—that supposedly divide them. Therefore, following a trend initiated by Sanjay Subrahmanyam in his 1997 article (Connected histories: Notes towards a reconfiguration of Early Modern Eurasia, in Modern Asian Studies 31/3 (1997), 735–62), our goal is also to connect all the various historiographies dealing with those contacts. Even though many of the contributions in this volume focus on Mamluk historiography, specialists of other regions allow us to bridge the various traditions more efficiently.
While using the methodology proposed by the field of ‘Connected histories,’ in this volume we have, as stated above, used as our object of inquiry the field of ‘Diplomatic studies’—a field that has recently witnessed an increasing interest from scholars of the premodern Islamic world.1 Our goal here was to play on the ambivalence of the word ‘diplomatic,’ i.e., related to diplomacy, but also to diplomatics. Diplomatics is a field that hasalso witnessed a revival over the last twenty years and that is now attracting more attention inIslamic studies, particularlyfor the Mamluk period. Although this field is usually associated with a more traditional approach to diplomatic history (i.e., the dealing with documents, including their editions, dating, and criticism), in this volume we aim to take advantage of another trend of study, the so-called ‘new diplomatic history,’ which approaches ‘diplomatics’ in a new and original way, and links it more efficiently to issues of political and social histories. Our understanding of ‘diplomacy’ follows the same trend. Far from assuming the actual existence of such a concept during the premodern period, we use it as an analytical frame to address several issues pertaining to state formation and legitimation, elite communication and circulation. Both aspects (‘diplomatics’ and ‘diplomacy’) are dealt with in more detail in the two introductory chapters of the volume devoted to the states of the research. Beside these two states of the research, the volume gathers 26 articles and is divided into six parts.
The first part, on diplomatic conventions, looks at the rules of letter-writing and ceremonial in Cairo (reception of embassies, ritual of signature). It establishes the general framework for the practice of diplomacy in the Mamluk capital, which is well attested through the case studies presented in the volume. The five following parts of the volume focus on Mamluk exchanges with the various geographical regions (in order of importance, as stated by the Cairene chancery): The Mongols and their successors (Ilkhanids, Jalayirids, Golden Horde); the Timurids, Turkmens and Ottomans; the western Islamic lands (Andalus, Maghrib); Arabia, India, and Africa; and the Latin West (theItalian city-states, Portugal, and Cyprus). Finally, the volume ends with two original studies on material culture.
The organization of the conference would not have been possible without the help of various institutions and persons to whom we express our deepest gratitude. First and foremost, we would like to thank the following institutions for their generous financial support: the Fondation Max van Berchem (Genève), the Fonds de la recherche scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS, Fédération WallonieBruxelles), and the Patrimoine and the Faculté de Philosophie et Lettres of the Université de Liège. The conference was placed under the aegis of the Commission internationale de diplomatique (CID), a clear sign of its wish to open the committee and to widen its focus to specialists of non-European areas.2 We are also grateful to the colleagues who kindly accepted to be part of the scientific committee whose main role was to assess the value of the proposals, thus guaranteeing the scientific quality of the essays presented in this volume: Doris Behrens-Abouseif, Michele Bernardini, Ludvik Kalus, and JohnWoods.
In this context, we would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers of the volume for their thorough reading of the contributions and their comments. Last but not least, we offer our thanks to the contributors whose articles, taken together, offer one of the most exhaustive and refreshing analysis of diplomacy and diplomatics in premodern Islam.
Frédéric Bauden and Malika Dekkiche
Notes on Contributors
Reuven Amitai
is Eliyahu Professor of Islamic History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, specializing in the history of the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongols in the Middle East. Among his publications are Mongols and Mamluks: The MamlukIlkhanid war 1260–1281(Cambridge1995);The Mongols intheIslamic lands: Studies in the history of the Ilkhanate (Ashgate 2007); Holy war and rapprochement: Studies in the relations between the Mamluk sultanate and the Mongol ilkhanate (1260–1335) (Turnhout 2013). He has recently co-edited (with Christoph Cluse from Trier) the volume Slavery and the slave trade in the Eastern Mediterranean, 11th to 15th centuries (Turnhout 2017), and is currently working on the history of Palestine in the Mamluk period.
Frédéric Bauden
is Professor of Arabic Language and Islamic Studies at the University of Liège. His research focuses on Mamluk historiography, diplomatics, and codicology. He is the editor of the Bibliotheca Maqriziana (Leiden) whose aim is to publish definitive critical editions of al-Maqrīzī’s minor and major works accompanied by annotated translations and thorough introductions, the whole prepared by the specialists of the fields dealt with in each work. He is currently completing his book entitled Al-Maqrīzī’s collection of opuscules: An introduction.
Lotfi Ben Miled
is an Assistant Professor in Medieval History at the Archeology department of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of Kairouan, Tunisia, and is currently a member of the research unit on Islamic Medieval History at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (LR99ES01, LMAIM), 9th April University of Tunis. His research focuses on the history of the Islamic West and other eastern regions from the mid-fifth-eleventh to late ninth-fifteenth century. He has been working, in particular, on the representation of otherness in the historical records of the Maghrib, people’s mobility, the exchange of ideas and the trade of merchandise between the Islamic Maghrib and the Islamic Orient. He published a book in Arabic entitled Ifrīqiya wa-l-sharq al-mutawassiṭ (Ifrīqiya and the Eastern Mediterranean) (Tunis 2011) and recently edited a Festschrift volume for Hichem Djait’s 80th birthday (Tunis 2018).
Michele Bernardini
is Professor of Persian Language and Literature, and History of ModernIran and the Ottoman Empire at the University of Naples “L’Orientale”. At the university he is the Director of the Department of Asian, African and Mediterranean Studies. Specializing on the Ilkhanid, Timurid, and Safavid periods, he has published various books, including Mémoire et propagande à l’ époque timouridein 2008. Together with Jürgen Paul he is the editor of the journal Eurasian Studies (Rome).
Bárbara Boloix Gallardo
is Professor of Arabic Studies at the Department of Semitic Studies at the University of Granada. As a specialist in the history of al-Andalus and the Maghreb, focusing specially on the study of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, she has participated in a number of international conferences and taught courses on both disciplines at Washington University in St. Louis (until 2012). Among her most recent publications are Las Sultanas de la Alhambra: Las grandes desconocidas del Reino Nazarí de Granada (siglos XIII–XV) (Granada 2013), the book chapter The genealogical legitimization of the Naṣrid dynasty (13th–15th Centuries): The alleged Anṣārī origins of the Banū Naṣr (2014), and Ibn al-Aḥmar. Vida y reinado del primer sultán de Granada (1195–1273) (2017). She is currently coordinating a volume on Medieval and Early Modern Granada within the series Brill’s Companion to European History edited by Brill. Anne F. Broadbridge is Associate Professor of Medieval Islamic History at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Her most recent book is Women and the making of the Mongol empire (Cambridge 2018). Her first book was Kingship and ideology in the Islamic and Mongol worlds (Cambridge 2008). Her research focuses on two fields: first, the Mamluk Sultanate, with a particular interest in diplomacy and ideology; and second, the Mongol Empire, especially ideology, women, and politics.
Mounira Chapoutot-Remadi
is Professor Emeritus of Medieval History of the Arab and MuslimWorld, at the University of Tunis. She is a specialist of the Mamluk period and has directed more than thirty theses in the medieval history of the Maghrib and the Near East. In 2015, she was appointed Head of the Humanities and Social Sciences Department at the Bayt al-Hikma Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2016 she was awarded the Ibn Khaldun Prize. Her research interests are the social and political history of the Mamluk era, as well as Gender Studies.
Stephan Conermann
is Professor of Islamic History at the University of Bonn. Among his special research interests are the history and society of the Mughal Empire and of the Mamluk regime in Egypt and Syria, particularly in relation to questions of narratology, historiography, dependency, and im/mobilization. His recent publications include Mamlukica—Studies onthe history and society duringthe Mamluk era (2013); The Mamluk-Ottoman transition: Continuity and change in Egypt and Bilād al-Shām in the sixteenth century (ed. with Gül Şen, 2017); Muslim-Jewish relations inthe middleIslamic period:Jews inthe Ayyubid and Mamluk sultanates (1171–1517) (ed., 2017); and Can freedom be unlimited? Examples of censorship in Middle Eastern societies in the 19th and 20th centuries (ed. with Ali Haggai and Christine Schirrmacher, 2017). Nicholas Coureas works as a Senior Researcher at the Cyprus Research Centre in Nicosia on the history of Lusignan Cyprus (1191–1473). He has published various articles and books on this subject, including The Latin church in Cyprus 1195–1312 (Ashgate 1997), its sequel The Latin church of Cyprus 1313–1378 (Nicosia 2010), and with Michael Walsh and Peter Edbury he edited the conference proceedings, Medieval and Renaissance Famagusta (Ashgate 2012). In 2015 he published for the Cyprus Research Centre, together with Peter Edbury, The Chronicle of Amadi translated from the Italian.
Malika Dekkiche
is Assistant Professor of Medieval Middle Eastern and Mediterranean History at the University of Antwerp. She is currently preparing a monograph entitled Keeping the peace in premodern Islam: Theory and practice of diplomacy under the Mamluk sultanate(Edinburgh University Press). She also published several articles on the contacts and exchanges between the Mamluks, the Timurids and Turkmen dynasties (Qara Qoyunlu, Qaramanids). Beside her research on Mamluk diplomacy, she is also working on a side project on religious patronage in the Hijaz. Rémi Dewière is a historian who specializes in the circulations, Islam and state practices in Sahel in the late medieval and early modern period. After a post-doctoral fellowship at the EHESS (Centre Alexandre-Koyré), he is currently a Max Weber fellow at the European University Institute (Fiesole), where he works on diplomacy, state administration and textuality in Islamic West Africa (16th–20th c.). His book, Du lac Tchad à La Mecque. Le Sultanat du Borno et son monde (XVIe–XVIIe siècle) (Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne, 2017), provides a new perspective on the functioning of a Sahelian Islamic state in the early modern period and its relationship with the world around it.
Kristof D’hulster
is a postdoctoral fellow of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), affiliated to Ghent University, Belgium. Next to Turkic (socio-, contact-, and historical) linguistics, his main interest lies in processes of cultural exchange and interaction within the pre-modern Turkic, Persian, and Arab world. Currently engaged in Mamluk studies, he focuses on issues of language, ethnicity, and identity (approaching these as social constructs, within a combined linguistic, semiotic, and sociological framework), state formation, literary studies, and the Mamluk-Ottoman transition period. He has published a number of articles in, among others, the Journal of Arabic Literature and the Annales Islamologiques.
Marie Favereau
obtained her PhD in History from the University of Paris IV (Paris-Sorbonne) and the Università degli Studi di San Marino in 2004. She was a member of the French Institute of Oriental Archaeology (Cairo, 2005–9) and a Fulbright visiting member of the Institute for Advanced Studies (Princeton, 2009–10). She is currently research associate at the University of Oxford and member of the ERC project Nomadic Empires: A World-Historical Perspective (2014–9). She specializes in the history of the Golden Horde and her current research investigates trade and diplomacy between the Mongol Empire, Europe, and the Middle East. She edited Les Conventions diplomatiques dans le monde musulman: L’Umma en partage (1258–1517) (Cairo 2008); The Golden Horde and the islamisation of the Eurasian steppes(Aix-en-Provence 2018); and she published, with Jacques Raymond, La Horde d’Or. Les héritiers de Gengis Khan (Paris 2014), and La Horde d’or et le sultanat mamelouk: naissance d’une alliance (Cairo 2018).
Gladys Frantz-Murphy
is Professor Emerita of History at Regis University in Denver, specializing in Southwest Asia and North Africa from an environmental perspective. She has published two books: Agrarian administration in Egypt from the Arabs to the Ottomans and Arabic agricultural leases and tax receipts 148–427A.H./765– 1035A.D.(Cairo 1986), and Arabic agricultural leases andtax receipts from Egypt, 148–427A.H./765–1035A.D.: Arabic texts (Vienna 2001), forty articles and contributions to books, most recently “Environmental challenges and societal responses: Southwest Asia and North Africa: 1 to 600A.H./622–1200,” in S. Procházka, L. Reinfandt, and S. Tost (eds.), Proceedings of the third international conference of the research network Imperium and officium: Comparative studies in ancient bureaucracy and officialdom, University of Vienna, 20–22 February 2013 (Vienna 2018), 1–49, and numerous book reviews. She is currently completing a monograph Environment in the History of Early Muslim Ruled Egypt. Environment, Internecine Conflict and Religious Legitimacy, 20–235/640–850, based on correlating documents and early reports in Muslim narrative sources, with empirical research in physical, geological and biological sciences.
Yehoshua Frenkel
studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. A senior lecturer at the University of Haifa, he teaches the pre-modern history of Muslim societies in Arabic speaking lands. His recent research interests embrace popular culture, communal practices, social history, and legal discourse in medieval and early modern Egypt and Syria (1100–1700). His latest publication includes al-Maqrīzī’s Ḍawʾ al-sārī li-maʿrifat ḫabar Tamīm al-Dārī (On Tamīm al-Dārī and His Waqf in Hebron) (ed., Leiden 2014, “Bibliotheca Maqriziana”) and The Turkic Peoples in Medieval Arabic Writings (ed., London 2015).
Hend Gilli-Elewy
is Associate Professor at the Interdisciplinary General Education Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. She holds a PhD in Islamic Studies from the University of Cologne, Germany. Her research and scholarly interests include social, historical, and religious aspects of the early and medieval Islamic world, slavery in Islam, the Ikhanids, and the history of Baghdad and Iraq. Recent publications include: “On the Provenance of Slaves in Mecca during the time of the Prophet Muhammad”, International Journal of Middle East Studies 49:1 (2017), 164–68; “On Women, Power, and Politics during the Last Phase of the Ilkhanate,” in Arabica 59 (2012); “The Mongol Court in Baghdad: The Juwayni Brothers Between Local Court and Central Court,” in A. Fuess and J.P. Hartung (eds.), Court Cultures in the Muslim World: Seventh to Nineteenth centuries (London and New York 2011).
Ludvik Kalus
now retired, is Honorary Professor of Islamic History (Middle Ages) at Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV) and Honorary Directeur d’Études at École Pratique des Hautes Études (Islamic Numismatics and Epigraphy). He published several books and more than eighty articles about Islamic epigraphy (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Bahrain, etc.), numismatics, sigillography, and other topics. He is the founder and director of the Thesaurus d’épigraphie islamique (www.epigraphie‑islamique.org), developed under the patronage of the Fondation Max van Berchem (Geneva).
Anna Kollatz
works on the Mughal Empire, the Indian Subcontinent up to the 18th century and the history and society of the Mamluk Era. Her interest lies in ethnic and religious diversity, the functions of historiographic writing and in forms of dependencies in the pre-modern and early modern times. In her work on the Mughal and late Mughal courts, she focuses on social relations and dependencies between the ruler and free as well as enslaved nobles. Her work includes both the elite circles at court as well as a micro-historical perspective on subaltern military slaves and their masters. Anna Kollatz is member of the Bonn Center for Transcultural Narratology (BZTN) and the Bonn Center for Dependency and Slavery Studies (BCDSS). Her current project in the DFG-Collaborative Research Center “Macht and Herrschaft—premodern configurations in a transcultural perspective” evaluates court ceremonial andfestivities in contextwith the figurations of social order.
Julien Loiseau
is Professor of Islamic History in the Middle Ages at Aix-Marseille Université. He has published extensively on urban issues and the social history of political elites in the Mamluk period, including three books among which Les Mamelouks. Une expérience du pouvoir dans l’Islam médiéval (Paris 2014). He has recently focused his research on the history of Ethiopia and has been the recipient of a European Research Council Consolidator Grant (2017–22) for research projects on the connections and relationships between the Horn of Africa and the Middle East in the Middle Ages (‘HornEast’).
Maria Filomena Lopes de Barros
is Professor of History at the University of Évora. Her research interests center on the Muslim minority in the Iberian Peninsula and on the issue of identity(ies) through topics such as Islamic law, onomastics, and cultural ascriptions. She is co-founder and co-editor of Hamsa: Journal of Judaic and Islamic Studies (http://www.hamsa.cidehus.uevora.pt/).
John L. Meloy
is Professor of History in the Department of History and Archaeology at the American University of Beirut. His research interests lie in the medieval Hijaz, the Mamluk Sultanate, and the international connections of both. In 2015, hisImperial power and maritimetrade: Mecca and Cairo inthe later middle ageswas issued in a revised paperback edition. Pierre Moukarzel is Professor of Medieval History at the Lebanese University, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Branch II. Specializing in relations between Europe and the Mamluk Sultanate and the political and economic exchanges in the medieval Mediterranean, he has published a number of books and articles, including La Ville de Beyrouth sous la domination mamelouke(Baabda 2010).
Lucian Reinfandt
is a historian of Islam and Arabic papyrologist at the Austrian National Library in Vienna. He is a specialist of archival and documentary studies and has published on law and society in the eastern Islamic lands, including his Official epistolography andthe language(s) of power (with Stephan Procházka and Sven Tost, 2015). He is currently preparing a book on bureaucracy under the earlier caliphate. Alessandro Rizzo PhD 2017, Liège Université–Aix-Marseille University.In 2012 he obtained a master degree in Medieval History at the University of Pisa. From 2013 to 2017, he was a Research Fellow (F.R.S.-FNRS) at the University of Liège. During this period, he prepared a dissertation on the medieval diplomatic and commercial relations between Florence and the Mamluk Sultanate in the fifteenth century. From 2017 to 2018, he was a post-doc fellow at the Annemarie Schimmel Kolleg at Bonn University. He also takes part in the project “I-link0977,” funded by CSIC (Spain), on the diplomatic exchanges betweenIslamic Mediterranean and Christian European powers in the Middle Ages. Recently, he authored an article entitled“Diplomatie sur le terrain: la première mission diplomatique florentine en territoire mamelouk” (forthcoming in F. Bauden [ed.], Culture matérielle et contacts diplomatiques entre l’Occident latin, Byzance et l’Orient islamique [XIe– XVIe s.]).
Éric Vallet
is Assistant Professor of Islamic History at Université Paris I PanthéonSorbonne, a member of the Research Unit Medieval Islam (CNRS/Paris I/ Paris IV/EPHE) and a junior member of the Institut universitaire de France (2012–17). Specializing in the late medieval Islamic societies in the Near East, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean, he has published L’Arabie marchande. État et commerce sous les sultans rasūlides du Yémen (626–858/1229–1454) (Paris 2010), Lumières de la sagesse. Écoles médiévales d’Orient et d’Occident (ed. with Thierry Kouamé and Sandra Aube, Paris 2013), and La Fabrique de l’Océan Indien. Cartes d’Orient et d’Occident (Antiquité–xvie siècle) (ed. with Emmanuelle Vagnon, Paris 2016).
Valentina Vezzoli
is post-doc researcher in Islamic Archaeology at the University Ca’ Foscari of Venice. Her main research interests focus on the study and interpretation of ceramic artifacts from archaeological contexts within the social, economic, and cultural frame that produced and employed them. She worked on several ceramic assemblages of the Islamic world: in Syria (Apamea, Shayzar, Qinnasrin), Lebanon (Baalbek and Tyr), Turkey (Ziyaret Tepe), Egypt (Fustat), and Kurdistan (Dohuk governorate). She has published several scientific articles on this subject, which also focus on objects preserved in museum collections; her PhD thesis, La Céramique islamique d’Apamée de Syrie. Histoire de l’occupation du Quartier Nord-Est du XIIe au XIVe siècle was published in 2016.
Patrick Wing
is Associate Professor of History at the University of Redlands in California. His research focuses on questions of political ideology and organization east and west of the Euphrates following the collapse of the Ilkhanate in the fourteenth century. He is the author of The Jalayirids: Dynastic state formation in the Mongol Middle East (Edinburgh 2016)
Contents Preface ix Abbreviations xiv Charts, Figures, and Tables xvi Notes on Contributors xx 1 Mamluk Diplomatics: the Present State of Research 1 Frédéric Bauden 2 Mamluk Diplomacy: the Present State of Research 105 Malika Dekkiche Part 1 Diplomatic Conventions 3 Diplomatics, or Another Way to See the World 185 Malika Dekkiche 4 Strong Letters at the Mamluk Court 214 Lucian Reinfandt 5 Embassies and Ambassadors in Mamluk Cairo 238 Yehoshua Frenkel Part 2 The Mongols and Their Successors 6 Careers in Diplomacy among Mamluks and Mongols, 658–741/1260–1341 263 Anne F. Broadbridge 7 The Golden Horde and the Mamluks: the Birth of a Diplomatic Set-Up (660–5/1261–7) 302 Marie Favereau
8 Mamluk-Ilkhanid Diplomatic Contacts: Negotiations or Posturing? 327 Reuven Amitai 9 Baghdad between Cairo and Tabriz: Emissaries to the Mamluks as Expressions of Local Political Ambition and Ideology during the Seventh/Thirteenth and Eighth/Fourteenth Centuries 340 Hend Gilli-Elewy 10 Between Iraq and a Hard Place: Sulṭān Aḥmad Jalāyir’s Time as a Refugee in the Mamluk Sultanate 363 Patrick Wing Part 3 The Timurids, the Turkmens, and the Ottomans 11 Niẓām al-Dīn Shāmī’s Description of the Syrian Campaign of Tīmūr 381 Michele Bernardini 12 Diplomatic Entanglements between Tabriz, Cairo, and Herat: a Reconstructed Qara Qoyunlu Letter Datable to 818/1415 410 Frédéric Bauden 13 Fixed Rules to a Changing Game? Sultan Meḥmed II’s Realignment of Ottoman-Mamluk Diplomatic Conventions 484 Kristof D’hulster Part 4 The Western Islamic Lands 14 Diplomatic Correspondence between Nasrid Granada and Mamluk Cairo: the Last Hope for al-Andalus 511 Bárbara Boloix Gallardo 15 Entre Ifrīqiya hafside et Égypte mamelouke: Des relations anciennes, continues et consolidées 529 Mounira Chapoutot-Remadi
16 Tracking Down the Hafsid Diplomatic Missions All the Way to the Turco-Mamluk Borders (892–6/1487–91) 566 Lotfi Ben Miled Part 5 Arabia, India, and Africa 17 Diplomatic Networks of Rasulid Yemen in Egypt (Seventh/Thirteenth to Early Ninth/Fifteenth Centuries) 581 Éric Vallet 18 “Aggression in the Best of Lands”: Mecca in Egyptian-Indian Diplomacy in the Ninth/Fifteenth Century 604 John L. Meloy 19 Some Remarks on the Diplomatic Relations between Cairo, Delhi/Dawlatābād, and Aḥmadābād during the Eighth/Fourteenth and Ninth/Fifteenth Centuries 621 Stephan Conermann and Anna Kollatz 20 The Ḥaṭī and the Sultan: Letters and Embassies from Abyssinia to the Mamluk Court 638 Julien Loiseau 21 “Peace Be upon Those Who Follow the Right Way”: Diplomatic Practices between Mamluk Cairo and the Borno Sultanate at the End of the Eighth/Fourteenth Century 658 Rémi Dewière Part 6 The Latin West 22 The European Embassies to the Court of the Mamluk Sultans in Cairo 685 Pierre Moukarzel
23 In the Name of the Minorities: Lisbon’s Muslims as Emissaries from the King of Portugal to the Sultan of Egypt 711 Maria Filomena Lopes de Barros 24 Envoys between Lusignan Cyprus and Mamluk Egypt, 838–78/1435–73: the Accounts of Pero Tafur, George Boustronios and Ibn Taghrī Birdī 725 Nicholas Coureas 25 Negotiating the Last Mamluk-Venetian Commercial Decree (922– 3/1516–7): Commercial Liability from the Sixth/Twelfth to the Early Tenth/Sixteenth Century 741 Gladys Frantz-Murphy 26 Three Mamluk Letters Concerning the Florentine Trade in Egypt and Syria: a New Interpretation 782 Alessandro Rizzo Part 7 Material Culture 27 Écritoires: objets fonctionnels et symboliques indissociables des cérémonies officielles à l’époque mamelouke 801 Ludvik Kalus 28 Precious Objects for Eminent Guests: the Use of Chinese Ceramics in Mamluk Cairo: the Fustat Ceramic Collection from The Royal Museums of Art and History (Brussels) 823 Valentina Vezzoli Index 843
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