Download PDF | Lindberg D.C., Shank M.H. (eds.) - The Cambridge History of Science_ Volume 2, Medieval Science-Cambridge University Press (2013).
704 Pages
Medieval Science This volume in the highly respected Cambridge History of Science series is devoted to the history of science in the Middle Ages from the North Atlantic to the Indus Valley. Medieval science was once universally dismissed as nonexistent – and sometimes it still is. This volume reveals the diversity of goals, contexts, and accomplishments in the study of nature during the Middle Ages. Organized by topic and culture, its essays by distinguished scholars offer the most comprehensive and up-to-date history of medieval science currently available. Intended to provide a balanced and inclusive treatment of the medieval world, contributors consider scientific learning and advancement in the cultures associated with the Arabic, Greek, Latin, and Hebrew languages. Scientists, historians, and other curious readers will all gain a new appreciation for the study of nature during an era that is often misunderstood.
David C. Lindberg is Hilldale Professor Emeritus of the History of Science and past director of the Institute for Research in the Humanities at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He has written or edited a dozen books on topics in the history of medieval and early-modern science, including The Beginnings of Western Science (1992). He and Ronald L. Numbers have previously coedited God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science (1986) and When Science and Christianity Meet (2003). A Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he has been a recipient of the Sarton Medal of the History of Science Society, of which he is also past president (1994–5).
Michael H. Shank is Professor of the History of Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is the author of “Unless You Believe, You Shall Not Understand”: Logic, University, and Society in Late Medieval Vienna (1988); the editor of The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Readings from Isis (2000); the coeditor, with Peter Harrison and Ronald L. Numbers, of Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science (2011); and the author of numerous articles in edited collections and scholarly journals.
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
e. jennifer ashworth, Distinguished Professor Emerita at the University of Waterloo, was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1991. She has published extensively on medieval and post-medieval logic and philosophy of language, and her first book, Language and Logic in the Post-Medieval Period, was published in 1974. Her most recent book, Les th´eories de l’analogie du XIIe au XVIe si`ecle (2008), is based on the four Pierre Abelard lectures that ´ she delivered at the Sorbonne in 2004. Since her retirement in 2005, she has returned to the United Kingdom. j. l. berggren received his PhD from the University of Washington in 1966 and is now Emeritus Professor at Simon Fraser University, Canada. He has held visiting positions in the Mathematics Institute at the University of Warwick and the History of Science Departments at Yale and Harvard Universities. He has published numerous papers and books on the history of mathematical sciences of ancient Greece and medieval Islam, among them Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam (1986); Euclid’s “Phaenomena” (with Robert Thomas, 1966); and the section on “Islamic Mathematics” in The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Source Book (2007). charles burnett has been Professor of the History of Islamic Influences in Europe at the Warburg Institute, University of London, since 1999. He received his MA and PhD from Cambridge University and has been a Member of the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), a Leverhulme Research Fellow at the University of Sheffield, and a Distinguished Visiting Professor in Medieval Studies at the University of California at Berkeley. His work has centered on the transmission of Arabic science and philosophy to Western Europe, which he has documented by editing and translating several texts. joan cadden is Professor Emerita of History at the University of California, Davis. Her current research concerns include medieval natural philosophers’ explanations of male homosexual desire and the dissemination of medieval natural philosophical and medical learning. She is the author of Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages: Medicine, Science, and Culture (Cambridge University Press, 1993), which was awarded the History of Science Society’s Pfizer Prize, as well as articles on the medical and scientific ideas of medieval women, such as Hildegard of Bingen and Christine de Pizan. bruce s. eastwood (PhD, University of Wisconsin) is Professor of History, Emeritus, at the University of Kentucky. His publications include Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance (2007); Planetary Diagrams for Roman Astronomy in Medieval Europe, ca. 800–1500 (with Gerd Grasshoff, 2004); The Revival of Planetary Astronomy in Carolingian and Post-Carolingian Europe (2002); and an online edition of the ninth-century Anonymous Commentary on the Astronomy of Martianus Capella. He has received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), as well as numerous grants from the National Science Foundation and other sources. Among his current projects is a book on Charlemagne and the Christian revival of science. edward grant is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of History and Philosophy of Science at Indiana University, Bloomington. He has published more than ninety articles and twelve books, including one on medieval cosmology titled Planets, Stars, and Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos 1200–1687 (Cambridge University Press, 1994). During 1985–6, he served as president of the History of Science Society. His honors include the George Sarton Medal of the History of Science Society (1992), Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (elected 1984), Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America (1982), and Membre effectif of the Academie Internationale d’Histoire des Sciences, ´ Paris (1969). danielle jacquart is full professor at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes ´ Etudes ´ (Paris1, Sorbonne, “Section des sciences historiques et philologiques”), where she holds the chair of “History of Science in the Middle Ages.” She has written widely on medical thought and practice in the Latin Middle Ages, and on the influence of Arabic medicine on the medieval West. Her major works include La m´edecine m´edi´evale dans le cadre parisien (XIVe –XVe si`ecle) (1998) and Le milieu m´edical en France du XIIe au XVe si`ecle (1981). She is corresponding Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America and a member of the Academia Europea. elaheh kheirandish is a historian of science (PhD, Harvard University, 1991), with a focus on science in Islamic lands. She has taught at Harvard University, received awards from the National Science Foundation, contributed to collaborative projects and major journals, and recently coedited a special issue of Iranian Studies. Her publications include the two-volume The Arabic Version of Euclid’s Optics (1999) and forthcoming books on the Arabic and Persian traditions of optics and mechanics. She is currently a Fellow at Harvard’s Center for Middle Eastern Studies and serves on the advisory boards of Interpretatio and the Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative (ISMI). tomomi kinukawa received her PhD at the University of Wisconsin. She is now Assistant Professor of History at the University of the Pacific, Stockton, California. Her research has focused on natural history, colonial science, gender, and race. She is currently working on a project on health and citizenship among Korean diaspora communities in Japan in the mid- to late twentieth century. walter roy laird teaches medieval history and the history of science at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. In addition to articles on medieval and renaissance natural philosophy and the mathematical sciences, he is author of The Unfinished Mechanics of Giuseppe Moletti (2000) and coeditor of Mechanics and Natural Philosophy before the Scientific Revolution (2008). y. tzvi langermann is a professor in the Department of Arabic, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. His most recent books are Hebrew Medical Astrology (coauthored with Gerrit Bos and Charles Burnett) and Adaptations and Innovations: Studies on the Interaction between Jewish and Islamic Thought and Literature (coedited with Josef Stern). He is a regular contributor to Aleph: Historical Studies in Science & Judaism and has published widely on the history of science and philosophy. david c. lindberg, coeditor of this volume, is Hilldale Professor Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin. He has written or edited more than a dozen books, including editions and translations of medieval Latin texts and a prizewinning survey: The Beginnings of Western Science, 2nd ed. (2007). He has been a Guggenheim Fellow, a visiting member of the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), and a Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America and the Academie Internationale d’Histoire des Sciences. He has served as president ´ of the History of Science Society and has been awarded its Sarton Medal for lifetime scholarly achievement. stephen c. mccluskey is Professor Emeritus of History at West Virginia University. His recent work focuses on astronomy and cosmology in the early Middle Ages and the astronomical and religious significance of the orientation of English village churches. Among his publications are Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe (Cambridge University Press, 1999) and “Boethius’s Astronomy and Cosmology,” in A Companion to Boethius in the Middle Ages (2012), edited by Noel H. Kaylor and Philip E. Phillips. a. george molland (1941–2002) pursued the mathematics tripos at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, receiving the PhD degree in 1967. He then spent his subsequent academic career at the University of Aberdeen, advancing from Lecturer to Senior Lecturer in History and Philosophy of Science.
Persian traditions of optics and mechanics. She is currently a Fellow at Harvard’s Center for Middle Eastern Studies and serves on the advisory boards of Interpretatio and the Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative (ISMI). tomomi kinukawa received her PhD at the University of Wisconsin. She is now Assistant Professor of History at the University of the Pacific, Stockton, California. Her research has focused on natural history, colonial science, gender, and race. She is currently working on a project on health and citizenship among Korean diaspora communities in Japan in the mid- to late twentieth century. walter roy laird teaches medieval history and the history of science at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. In addition to articles on medieval and renaissance natural philosophy and the mathematical sciences, he is author of The Unfinished Mechanics of Giuseppe Moletti (2000) and coeditor of Mechanics and Natural Philosophy before the Scientific Revolution (2008). y. tzvi langermann is a professor in the Department of Arabic, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. His most recent books are Hebrew Medical Astrology (coauthored with Gerrit Bos and Charles Burnett) and Adaptations and Innovations: Studies on the Interaction between Jewish and Islamic Thought and Literature (coedited with Josef Stern). He is a regular contributor to Aleph: Historical Studies in Science & Judaism and has published widely on the history of science and philosophy. david c. lindberg, coeditor of this volume, is Hilldale Professor Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin. He has written or edited more than a dozen books, including editions and translations of medieval Latin texts and a prizewinning survey: The Beginnings of Western Science, 2nd ed. (2007). He has been a Guggenheim Fellow, a visiting member of the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), and a Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America and the Academie Internationale d’Histoire des Sciences. He has served as president ´ of the History of Science Society and has been awarded its Sarton Medal for lifetime scholarly achievement. stephen c. mccluskey is Professor Emeritus of History at West Virginia University. His recent work focuses on astronomy and cosmology in the early Middle Ages and the astronomical and religious significance of the orientation of English village churches. Among his publications are Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe (Cambridge University Press, 1999) and “Boethius’s Astronomy and Cosmology,” in A Companion to Boethius in the Middle Ages (2012), edited by Noel H. Kaylor and Philip E. Phillips. a. george molland (1941–2002) pursued the mathematics tripos at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, receiving the PhD degree in 1967. He then spent his subsequent academic career at the University of Aberdeen, advancing from Lecturer to Senior Lecturer in History and Philosophy of Science.
george ovitt received his PhD from the University of Massachusetts. He has taught history at Dean College, Drexel University, and Sidwell Friends School, and is currently at Albuquerque Academy. His scholarly interests include the history of technology and labor and, in particular, the ways in which the material aspects of human life are affected by cultural concerns. He is author of The Restoration of Perfection: Labor and Technology in Medieval Culture. katharine park teaches in the Department of the History of Science at Harvard University, where she works on the history of science and medicine in medieval and early-modern Europe and the history of women, gender, and the body. Her most recent books are Secrets of Women: Gender, Generation, and the Origins of Human Dissection (2006) and The Cambridge History of Science, vol. 3: Early Modern Science (2006), the latter coedited with Lorraine Daston. f. jamil ragep is Canada Research Chair in the History of Science in Islamic Societies and Director of the Institute of Islamic Studies at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Educated at the University of Michigan and Harvard University, he has written extensively on the history of astronomy and on science in Islam. He is currently leading an international effort to catalogue all Islamic manuscripts in the exact sciences and is codirecting a project to study the fifteenth-century background to the Copernican revolution. karen meier reeds, of the Princeton Research Forum and Visiting Scholar at Columbia University and the University of Pennsylvania, is an independent historian of science and medicine whose research focuses on the history of botany from antiquity through Linnaeus. She is the author of Botany in Medieval and Renaissance Universities (1991) and A State of Health: New Jersey’s Medical Heritage (2001); coeditor, with Jean Givens and Alain Touwaide, of Visualizing Medieval Medicine and Natural History, 1200–1550 (2006); and guest curator of “Come into a New World: Linnaeus & America” (2007). She is also a Fellow of the Linnaean Society of London. emilie savage-smith is Professor of the History of Islamic Science at the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. She has published studies on a variety of medical and divinatory practices in the Islamic world, as well as on celestial globes and mapping. Her most recent book (with Peter E. Pormann) is Medieval Islamic Medicine (2007). michael h. shank (coeditor of this volume) teaches at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he is Professor of the History of Science (and Herbert and Evelyn Howe Bascom Professor of Integrated Liberal Studies, 2008–10). A former associate editor of Isis, he is the author of “Unless You Believe, You Shall Not Understand”: Logic, University, Society in Late Medieval Vienna (1988); the editor of The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (2000); and a coeditor, with Peter Harrison and Ronald L. Numbers, of Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science (2011) and of Johannes Regiomontanus’s Defensio Theonis contra Georgium Trapezuntium (Web publication in progress, in association with Richard Kremer). katherine h. tachau earned her PhD from the University of Wisconsin– Madison in 1981. After teaching at Montana State University and Pomona College, she joined the History Department at the University of Iowa in 1985, where she has served as Faculty Senate President. A Guggenheim Fellowship recipient, she studies thirteenth- and fourteenth-century philosophy, science, and art of Paris, Oxford, and other European universities, in publications ranging from Vision and Certitude in the Age of Ockham: Optics, Epistemology, and the Foundations of Semantics, 1250–1345 (1988) to “God’s Compass and Vana Curiositas: Scientific Study in the Old French Bible moralis´ee,” Art Bulletin, 80 (1998). anne tihon is Doctor in Classical Philology (Universite Catholique de ´ Louvain) and also Professor at the Universite Catholique de Louvain ´ (Louvain-la-Neuve). Her teaching concerns the history of science in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Byzantine history and civilization, Greek paleography, Byzantine texts, and methodology of textual editions. She has provided critical editions of the commentaries of Theon of Alexandria on Ptolemy’s Handy Tables (Small Commentary and Great Commentary) (Studi e Testi 282, 315, 340, 390) and several editions of Byzantine astronomical texts. She is the director of the Corpus des Astronomes Byzantins (ten volumes published). david woodward (1942–2004) was Arthur H. Robinson Professor Emeritus of Geography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. A wide-ranging scholar of the history and the art of cartography, he was founding coeditor (with J. B. Harley) of the award-winning multivolume History of Cartography. His essay on “Medieval Mappaemundi” for volume one (1987) revitalized the study of cosmographical representations.
GENERAL EDITORS’ PREFACE
The idea for The Cambridge History of Science originated with Alex Holzman, former editor for the history of science at Cambridge University Press. In 1993, he invited us to submit a proposal for a multivolume history of science that would join the distinguished series of Cambridge histories, launched nearly a century ago with the publication of Lord Acton’s fourteenvolume Cambridge Modern History (1902–12). Convinced of the need for a comprehensive history of science and believing that the time was auspicious, we accepted the invitation. Although reflections on the development of what we call “science” date back to antiquity, the history of science did not emerge as a distinctive field of scholarship until well into the twentieth century. In 1912, the Belgian scientist-historian George Sarton (1884–1956), who contributed more than any other single person to the institutionalization of the history of science, began publishing Isis, an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences. Twelve years later, he helped to create the History of Science Society, which by the end of the century had attracted some 4,000 individual and institutional members. In 1941, the University of Wisconsin established a department of the history of science, the first of dozens of such programs to appear worldwide. Since the days of Sarton, historians of science have produced a small library of monographs and essays, but they have generally shied away from writing and editing broad surveys. Sarton himself, inspired in part by the Cambridge histories, planned to produce an eight-volume History of Science, but he completed only the first two installments (1952, 1959), which ended with the birth of Christianity. His mammoth three-volume Introduction to the History of Science (1927–48), more a reference work than a narrative history, never got beyond the Middle Ages. The closest predecessor to The Cambridge History of Science is the three-volume (four-book) Histoire G´en´erale des Sciences (1957– 64), edited by Rene Taton, which appeared in an English translation under ´ the title General History of the Sciences (1963–4). Edited just before the latecentury boom in the history of science, the Taton set quickly became dated During the 1990s, Roy Porter began editing the very useful Fontana History of Science (published in the United States as the Norton History of Science), with volumes devoted to a single discipline and written by a single author.
The Cambridge History of Science comprises eight volumes, the first four arranged chronologically from antiquity through the eighteenth century and the latter four organized thematically and covering the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Eminent scholars from Europe and North America, who together form the editorial board for the series, edit the respective volumes: Volume 1: Ancient Science, edited by Alexander Jones, University of Toronto, and Liba Chaia Taub, University of Cambridge Volume 2: Medieval Science, edited by David C. Lindberg and Michael H. Shank, University of Wisconsin–Madison Volume 3: Early Modern Science, edited by Katharine Park, Harvard University, and Lorraine Daston, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin Volume 4: Eighteenth-Century Science, edited by Roy Porter, late of Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London Volume 5:
The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences, edited by Mary Jo Nye, Oregon State University Volume 6: The Modern Biological and Earth Sciences, edited by Peter J. Bowler, Queen’s University of Belfast, and John V. Pickstone, University of Manchester Volume 7: The Modern Social Sciences, edited by Theodore M. Porter, University of California, Los Angeles, and Dorothy Ross, Johns Hopkins University Volume 8: Modern Science in National and International Context, edited by David N. Livingstone, Queen’s University of Belfast, and Ronald L. Numbers, University of Wisconsin–Madison Our collective goal is to provide an authoritative, up-to-date account of science – from the earliest literate societies in Mesopotamia and Egypt to the end of the twentieth century – that even nonspecialist readers will find engaging. Written by leading experts from every inhabited continent, the essays in The Cambridge History of Science explore the systematic investigation of nature and society, whatever it was called.
(The term “science” did not acquire its present meaning until early in the nineteenth century.) Reflecting the ever-expanding range of approaches and topics in the history of science, the contributing authors explore non-Western as well as Western science, applied as well as pure science, popular as well as elite science, scientific practice as well as scientific theory, cultural context as well as intellectual content, and the dissemination and reception as well as the production of scientific knowledge. George Sarton would scarcely recognize this collaborative effort as the history of science, but we hope we have realized his vision. David C. Lindberg Ronald L. Numbers
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