Download PDF | Janet Martin - Medieval Russia, 980-1584 (Cambridge Medieval Textbooks), Cambridge University Press, 2008.
540 Pages
This revised edition is a concise, yet comprehensive, narrative of the history of Russia from the reign of Vladimir I the Saint, through the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible. Supplementing the original edition with results of recently published scholarship as well as her own research, Janet Martin emphasizes the dynamics of Russia’s political evolution from the loose federation of principalities known as Kievan Rus through the era of Mongol domination to the development of the Muscovite state. Her analyses of the ruling dynasty and of economic influences on political development, and her explorations of society, foreign relations, religion, and culture provide a basis for understanding the transformations of the lands of Rus. Her lines of argument are clear and coherent; her conclusions and interpretations are provocative. The result is an informative, accessible, up-to-date account that will be of interest to both students and specialists of early Rus.
janet martin is Professor of History at the University of Miami. She has published widely in the field of medieval Russian history, on topics ranging from economic history to Muscovite–Tatar relations. Her monograph Treasures of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia (Cambridge) was published in 1986.
THE ERA OF VLADIMIR I
In the year 980, an obscure prince landed on the northern shores of a land that became known as Rus and, later, Russia. Almost a decade earlier his father, the ruler of this land, had placed him in charge of the area surrounding one of its towns, the recently founded Novgorod. But after his father died (972) and one of his elder brothers killed the other (977), this prince, Vladimir (Volodimer) Sviatoslavich, fled abroad. After several years of exile he now led a band of Varangians (Norsemen) across the Baltic from Scandinavia. His intention was to depose his half-brother Iaropolk and assume the throne of Kiev.
vladimir’s seizure of the kievan throne Upon landing in Rus, Prince Vladimir immediately sought allies to join him against Iaropolk. He turned to the prince of Polotsk (Polatsk), Rogvolod, a fellow Varangian but unrelated to Vladimir and his family, and requested the hand of his daughter Rogneda in marriage. But she haughtily refused him, calling him the “son of a slave” and indicating a preference for Iaropolk. Vladimir responded by leading his Varangian force, along with Slovenes, Chud, and Krivichi from his former domain of Novgorod, against Polotsk. He defeated and killed Rogvolod and his sons, captured Rogneda, and forced her to become his bride. Polotsk was attached to the realm of Vladimir’s family, the Riurikid dynasty.
Vladimir then marched toward his brother’s capital, the city of Kiev. Growing out of settlements established in the sixth and seventh centuries, Kiev was located far to the south of Novgorod on hills overlooking the west or right bank of the Dnieper River. By 980 it had become the political center of a domain, known as Kievan Rus, that extended from Novgorod on the Volkhov River southward across the divide where the Volga, the West Dvina, and the Dnieper Rivers all had their origins, and down the Dnieper just past Kiev. It also included the lower reaches of the main tributaries of the Dnieper. Arriving at the city, Vladimir entered into negotiations with his brother. But in the midst of their talks two of Vladimir’s Varangians murdered Iaropolk. Vladimir Sviatoslavich became the sole prince of Kievan Rus. Prince Vladimir’s claim to the Kievan throne rested only in part on the military force he used to secure it. It was also based on heritage. Vladimir was one of the sons of Sviatoslav, prince of Kiev from 962 to 972. The Russian Primary Chronicle traces Sviatoslav’s lineage back through his father Igor and mother Olga to a Norseman named Riurik.
The legend of Riurik claims that in the ninth century a group of quarreling eastern Slav and Finnic tribes that had dwelled in what is now northwestern Russia invited Riurik and his brothers to come to their lands, rule over them, and bring peace and order to their peoples. While the chronicle account incorporates myth and cannot be taken literally, it does reflect the fact that Scandinavian Vikings, called Rus, 1 were present in the territories of the eastern Slav and Finnic tribes by the ninth century and that they eventually became rulers or princes over the native population. Vladimir’s ancestors, founders of the dynasty that was later named after Riurik, led one of those Viking bands. Vladimir’s victory over Rogvolod signaled the completion of the process pursued by Igor and Sviatoslav to eliminate rival bands and establish exclusive ascendancy over enough of the native tribes to fashion a cohesive principality out of their territories. Although the Slav tribes shared a common language and there is some evidence of a federation among them prior to the establishment of Scandinavian rule, it was their common recognition of the Riurikid dynasty that bound them into the state that became known as Kievan Rus.
consolidation of power The lands of Vladimir’s realm were populated primarily by eastern Slav tribes. To the north were the Slovenes of the Novgorod region and the neighboring Krivichi, who occupied the territories surrounding the headwaters of the West Dvina, Dnieper, and Volga Rivers. To the south in the area around Kiev were the Poliane, a group of Slavicized tribes with Iranian origins. To their north the Derevliane inhabited the lands west of the Dnieper extending to its right tributary, the Pripiat River (Pripet). On the other side of the Pripiat were the Dregovichi. West of the Derevliane dwelled the Volynians; south of them, i.e., southwest of Kiev, were the Ulichi and Tivertsy tribes.
East of the Dnieper along its left tributary, the Desna River, were Severiane tribes; the Viatichi lived to their north and east along the upper Oka River. Kievan Rus was fringed in the north by the Finnic Chud, and in the northeast by the Muroma and Merya tribes that occupied the lands on the Oka and Volga Rivers. To the south its forested lands settled by Slav agriculturalists gave way to steppelands populated by nomadic herdsmen. Within Kievan Rus there were several noteworthy towns by the late tenth century. Kiev and Novgorod, its southern and northern focal points, were the most important. In addition, Kievan Rus contained Smolensk, a center of the Krivichi, located on the upper Dnieper. West of Smolensk was the town of Polotsk, which Vladimir had seized from Rogvolod; it was located on the Polota River which flows into the West Dvina. South of Polotsk, on the Pripiat River, was the Dregovich center of Turov (Turau). On the east side of the Dnieper Chernigov (Chernihiv), the major center of the Severiane tribes, commanded the Desna River. Pereiaslavl, situated southeast of Kiev on the Trubezh River, another tributary of the Dnieper, was the town nearest the steppe frontier. Rostov, located on Lake Nero in Merya country, had also been founded by the era of Prince Vladimir. Kievan Rus was coalescing amidst other organized states.
To the east was Bulgar, located on the mid-Volga River near its juncture with the Kama. South of Bulgar and southeast of Kievan Rus were the remnants of a once powerful empire, Khazaria. Before the formation of Kievan Rus Khazaria had claimed some of the eastern Slav tribes as its tributaries. And until the reign of Vladimir’s father, Sviatoslav, who delivered the final blow that destroyed it, Khazaria had dominated the region of the lower Volga and the Northern Caucasus and had maintained stability on the steppe. West of Kiev were Poland and Hungary, which were also organizing into kingdoms and expanding in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries. And to the south, beyond the steppe, was the greatest empire of the age, Byzantium, whose control extended over the northern coast of the Black Sea and influence into the Balkans. Once established in Kiev, Vladimir faced the task of consolidating his personal position and the monopoly on power he had attained for his family or dynasty over all the lands of Kievan Rus. After displacing Iaropolk, no relatives were available to challenge him. But he nevertheless had to ensure that all the tribes within his realm would continue to recognize him as their prince and neither withdraw their allegiance nor transfer it to a neighboring power.
Their loyalty was symbolized by their payment of tribute or taxes. Vladimir’s most pressing problem in this respect was posed by the Viatichi, who had rebelled when Sviatoslav died in 972. One of Vladimir’s first acts (981–82), therefore, was to suppress their rebellion and reestablish Kievan authority over them. In 984, he also expanded Kievan Rus by subordinating the Radimichi, another Slav tribe that inhabited the lands north of the Severiane and east of the upper Dnieper. In 985, Vladimir and his uncle Dobrynia also conducted a military campaign against the Volga Bulgars, who dominated the mid-Volga region and exercised some influence over the tribes dwelling to the north and west of their own territories. After the demise of Khazaria, Bulgar was the chief potential rival to Kievan Rus authority over the peoples, like the Muroma and the Merya, who occupied the lands along the upper Volga and Oka Rivers well to the east of Kiev and the Dnieper.
Vladimir’s campaign was militarily successful. Yet significantly, Vladimir, heeding his uncle’s advice, did not attempt to reduce the Volga Bulgars to tributary status. Rather, he concluded a treaty with Bulgar that served as the basis for the peaceful relations that lasted between the two states until the late eleventh century. The Rus victory also removed Bulgar as a potential rival for suzerainty over the tribes on the eastern and northeastern frontiers of Kievan Rus; in this way it also helped to secure their allegiance to Kiev and the Riurikid dynasty.
Link
Press Here
0 التعليقات :
إرسال تعليق