Download PDF | The Templars, the Hospitallers and the Crusades: Essays in Homage to Alan J. Forey, By Helen J. Nicholson (Editor), Jochen Burgtorf (Editor), Routledge 2022.
259 Pages
This book pays homage to the work of a scholar who has substantially advanced knowledge and understanding of the medieval military-religious orders. Alan J. Forey has published over seventy meticulously researched articles on every aspect of the military-religious orders,two books on the Templars in the Corona de Aragón, and a wide-ranging survey of the military-religious orders from the twelfth to the early fourteenth centuries. His archival research has been especially signifcant in opening up the history of the military orders in the Iberian Peninsula. This volume comprises an appreciation of Forey’s work and a range of research that has been inspired by his scholarship or develops themes that run through his work. Articles refect Forey’s detailed research into and analysis of primary sources, as well as his work on the military orders, the crusades,the eastern Mediterranean,and the trial of the Templars. Further papers move beyond the geographical and chronological bounds of Forey’s research, while still exploring his themes of the military-religious orders’ relations with the Church and State.
Helen J. Nicholson is Professor of Medieval History at Cardiff University, UK. She has published extensively on the military orders, crusades, and various related subjects, including an edition of the Templar trial proceedings in Britain and Ireland. She is currently studying the inventory and estate accounts from the Templars’ estates in England and Wales during the years 1308–1313 and is also writing a history of Queen Sybil of Jerusalem (1186–1190).
Jochen Burgtorf is Professor of Medieval World History at California State University, Fullerton, US. His work encompasses the crusades, military orders, papacy, refugees, law, the Vikings, and world history. His publications include The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars (2008), as well as numerous articles in academic collections and journals.
CONTRIBUTORS
Elena Bellomo is an Honorary Research Associate at Cardiff University and collaborates with the Università degli Studi di Verona. Her publications include articles on the crusades and the military orders and the monographs A servizio di Dio e del Santo Sepolcro:Caffaro e l’Oriente latino (Padua,2003) and The Templar Order in North-west Italy: 1142–c.1330 (Leiden, 2008).
Maria Bonet Donato is Senior Lecturer in Medieval History at the Universitat Rovira i Virgili (Tarragona, Spain). Her research is focussed on military orders, mainly related to the Hospitallers, including most recently Els hospitalers al Pallars i a l’Urgell (segles XII–XIII) (2018, with M. Sanmartí Roset). She has also studied social and economic relationships in Catalonia. Karl Borchardt works as a Senior Researcher at Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Munich, and teaches medieval history at Universität Würzburg. He has published numerous articles and edited volumes on the Knights Hospitaller and Knights Templar, including Comptes de la commanderie de l’Hôpital de Manosque pour les années 1283 à 1290 (2015 with D. Carraz and A. Venturini), Documents Concerning Cyprus from the Hospital’s Rhodian Archives: 1409–1459 (2011 with A. Luttrell and E. Schöffer), and The Hospitallers, the Mediterranean and Europe (2007 with H. Nicholson and N. Jaspert).
Judith Bronstein is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Israel Studies and in the School of History, University of Haifa. Her felds of research are the military orders, the crusade movement, and the Latin East. She is currently working on the relation between food and culture in the Frankish Levant. Among her publications related to this feld of study are ‘Food and the Military Orders: Attitudes of the Hospital and the Temple between the Twelfth and Fourteenth Centuries’ (Crusades,2013) and, together with L. Yehuda and E. Stern,‘Franks, Locals and Sugar Cane: A Case Study of Cultural Interaction in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’ (Journal of Medieval History, 2019).
Jochen Burgtorf is Professor of Medieval World History at California State University, Fullerton. His publications include The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars and The Debate on the Trial of the Templars (1307–1314) (with Paul Crawford and Helen J. Nicholson), as well as articles in Ordines Militares, Fourteenth Century England, and Crusades Subsidia. Alain Demurger is retired. He is honorary maître de conferences in medieval history at the University of Paris 1 and is a specialist on the history of the crusades and of the medieval military orders. His scholarly publications include Les templiers: une chevalerie chrétienne au Moyen Âge (2005), La Persécution des Templiers: Journal (1307–1314) (2015), and Le peuple templier (1307–1312) (2019). Peter Edbury retired from his chair of Medieval History at Cardiff University in 2013. He has written extensively on the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and Lusignan Cyprus. His publications include The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191–1374 (1991) and the edition of John of Ibelin’s Le Livre des assises (2003). He is currently re-editing the William of Tyre continuations. Luis García-Guijarro Ramos is Professor in the Department of Medieval History of the University of Zaragoza, with a long career in the study of the crusades and the military orders. He has been a secretary of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East.
Norman Housley retired as Professor of History at the University of Leicester in 2016. He is an authority on the history of the crusading movement, especially the papal role in crusading, crusades against Christians, and crusading after 1274. His books include The Later Crusades (1992), Crusading and the Ottoman Threat (2013), and Reconfguring the Fifteenth-Century Crusade (2017). Philippe Josserand is maître de conférences HDR in Medieval History at the University of Nantes. His research focusses on crusades, exchanges, military orders, the Latin East and the Mediterranean in the middle ages, and he has published widely on these subjects. His major publications include Église et pouvoir dans la péninsule Ibérique. Les ordres militaires dans le royaume de Castille (1252–1369) (2004) and Jacques de Molay, le dernier grand-maître des Templiers (2019).
Gregory Leighton received his PhD at Cardiff University in 2018, for a thesis entitled ‘Terra Matris: Crusading, the Military Orders and Sacred Landscapes in the Baltic Crusades, 13th–14th Centuries’, supervised by Professor Helen J. Nicholson and Dr Jenny Benham. He previously studied at the University of Florida and California State University,Fullerton,where his MA thesis was supervised by Professor Jochen Burgtorf. He has published on the Teutonic Order and crusading in Prussia in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Shlomo Lotan is a Lecturer at the Department of Geography and Environment at Bar Ilan University in Ramat-Gan, Israel. His major publications cover the history and tradition of the military orders in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, including The Teutonic Order in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1190–1309, Mutual Relationships between the Latin East and Europe (2012) (Hebrew), and the articles ‘The Battle of La Forbie (1244) and Its Aftermath – Re-examination of the Military Orders Involvement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Mid-Thirteenth Century’ (Ordines Militares, 2012) and ‘The Teutonic Knights and Their Attitude about Muslims: Saracens in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and in the Baltic Region’ in Fear and Loathing in the North, Jews and Muslims in Medieval Scandinavia and the Baltic Region,ed. C. Hess and J. Adams (2015). Anthony Luttrell has studied at Oxford, Madrid, Rome, and Pisa, taught at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, Edinburgh, Malta, and Padua, and served as Assistant Director and Librarian of the British School at Rome. He works and publishes extensively on the Hospitallers of Rhodes, on medieval Malta, on the English in the Levant, and on various archaeological projects. Christie Majoros holds a PhD from Cardiff University for her thesis ‘The Function of Hospitaller Houses in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales’. She previously studied at California State University, Long Beach. She has presented her research at conferences in Denmark, Ireland, the UK, and the US and has published on the function of the Hospitallers in England.
Helen J. Nicholson is Professor of Medieval History at Cardiff University. She has published extensively on the military orders, crusades, and various related subjects, including an edition of the Templar trial proceedings in Britain and Ireland (2011). She is currently studying the inventory and estate accounts from the Templars’ estates in England and Wales during the years 1308–1313 and is also writing a history of Queen Sybil of Jerusalem (1186– 90) for Routledge’s ‘Rulers of the Latin East’ series. Jürgen Sarnowsky is Professor for Medieval History at the University of Hamburg. He received his PhD at the Free University of Berlin, for a study of Albert of Saxony’s commentary on Aristotle’s Physics (1985). He wrote his ‘Habilitation’on the Teutonic Knights (1992). He has published monographs and editions on the Teutonic Knights, Hospitallers, Templars, England, Hamburg, and the history of discoveries.
INTRODUCTION
Helen J. Nicholson and Jochen Burgtorf
This book pays homage to the work of a scholar who has substantially advanced knowledge and understanding of the medieval military-religious orders. It originated in two sessions organized by the editors at the International Medieval Congress at the University of Leeds in July 2015,‘Studies in the History of the Military-Religious Orders in Honour of Alan J. Forey’, which focussed on the eastern Mediterranean and the Iberian Peninsula. Along with a selection of the papers delivered on that occasion, this volume includes a paper from another ‘military orders’ session at that conference and a range of research from scholars in France,Italy,Spain,Germany,Israel,the UK,and the US who have beneftted from and admired Alan Forey’s research on the military-religious orders. From when he completed his 1963 Oxford PhD thesis titled ‘The Expansion and Provincial Organisation of the Temple in the “Corona de Aragon”’ until the present time, Alan Forey has published over seventy meticulously researched articles on every aspect of the military-religious orders, two books focussing on the Templars in the Corona de Aragón – one on the Order’s history (1973) and the other on the fall of the Templars (2001), and a wide-ranging survey of the military-religious orders from the twelfth to the early fourteenth centuries (1992), as well as a collection of previously published papers (2001).
His articles consider widely diverse subjects, including dispute resolution, recruitment, ransoming of captives, involvement in secular warfare, the different categories of membership in the military orders, these orders’ charitable activities, and the fate of the Templars after the dissolution of their order in 1312, and include a magisterial edition (with Peggy Brown) of the papal bull which dissolved the Templars, ‘Vox in Excelso’ (2018). Any scholar studying the military-religious orders’ organizational structures before 1310 will fnd his publications invaluable, as can be seen in Jochen Burgtorf’s The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars (2008) or Helen J. Nicholson’s The Everyday Life of the Templars (2017). His archival research has been especially signifcant in opening up the history of the military orders in the Iberian Peninsula, and his work is held in high regard by Spanish scholars. He has also made a noteworthy contribution to the study of the crusades, with articles on the Second Crusade, the crusading vows of King Henry III of England, and King Henry II of England’s penance for the murder of Becket.
He has published in peer-reviewed academic journals, conference proceedings, and edited scholarly collections, in addition to contributing to wider histories of the crusades. He regularly presents research papers at international conferences, both specialist conferences on the military orders or the crusades and those with a general theme, and his scholarship is greatly respected by scholars throughout Europe as well as in the Anglophone world. As one contributor to this volume has expressed it,‘Alan has always been to me a brilliant example of thorough and honest intellectual work’.1 Contributors to this volume have commented that Alan is remarkable for his detailed knowledge of several military-religious orders, rather than (as is the case with most scholars of the military-religious orders) focussing on either the Hospitallers or the Templars, and for his comparative approaches to his subject. An assessment of his work published in 2009 by Malcolm Barber and Maria Bonet, both scholars of the military-religious orders, demonstrated that he has played a leading role in the modern study of the medieval orders.2
They noted that Alan’s work is based frmly on documents rather than theoretical models and avoids speculative interpretations of the primary evidence. In particular they credited him with a leading role in stimulating modern scholarly study of the Spanish military orders. Tony Luttrell recalls how this ‘great spurt in then neglected military order studies’ began: in 1954 Tony travelled from the University of Oxford to work in the Madrid archives, in 1957 Alan followed, to be followed in turn by Derek Lomax. Spanish scholars at the time may have wondered whether this infux of scholars was,in Tony’s words,‘a kind of Oxford takeover plot’, but as all three had different tutors in Oxford it is more likely that it was coincidence. That said,although Alan’s tutor in Oxford,Peter Russell, had suggested that he study the Aragonese nobility, it was Tony Luttrell who prompted Alan to change his focus to study the Templars in Aragon.3 Modest and unassuming despite his considerable scholarship,Alan is generous in sharing his research with other scholars and in encouraging young scholars.
He is always interested in hearing about other scholars’ research and his questions are always constructive, never patronizing. Gregory Leighton recalls how he frst met Alan in 2013 at the biennial Ordines Militares Colloquia Torunensia Historica, in Toruń, Poland, while he was still an MA student. He writes,‘This was my frst international conference as a graduate student and I still remember how kind, enthusiastic, and encouraging Dr Forey was to me.’ He adds, ‘I still remember his words of encouragement at Clerkenwell in 2017’ (at the seventh Military Orders conference in London), ‘when I realized that my PowerPoint presentation could not be done due to technical issues in the room.’4 Alan’s extensive experience as a conference speaker and chair enables him to remain calm and encouraging through all such technical glitches. In addition to his considerable scholarship, many of the contributors to the volume know Alan as a pleasant fellow traveller and have happy memories of travelling with him to conferences: to Larzac in 2000 for the conference which produced the volume La Commanderie (published in 2002), to Toruń by bus or train for the biennial Ordines Militares conferences, and to many others.
Helen J. Nicholson remembers being with Alan at a conference at Lyon in October 2009, in honour of Alain Demurger (which produced the volume Élites et ordres militaires au Moyen Âge, published in 2015), when the habitual cold and rain of that season was made much more bearable by Alan’s unfailing patience and gentle humour. Karl Borchardt recalls: In 2008 both of us participated in a conference in Jerusalem. Together with Michel Balard the three of us made a somewhat adventurous trip to Bethlehem: to our surprise the bus from Jerusalem stopped at the wall. After passing border controls, there was no bus any more, but taxi-drivers preyed on tourists. Alan and myself were only saved by Michel’s expertise. Michel knew exactly how to negotiate a good price from the border to Bethlehem and back. In the end the taxi-driver was very happy to get rid of us again, because otherwise he might have had to pay us and not vice versa.5 Alan’s support for his colleagues is summed up well in these memories from Jochen Burgtorf: I frst met Alan Forey (and, coincidentally, also Helen J. Nicholson) in September 1996 at the second conference on the military-religious orders at Clerkenwell where Alan chaired a session in which I presented a paper. I was a doctoral student at the time, and I thought I had timed my paper exactly to the time allocated.
However, Alan’s watch must have been more precise than mine because he had to remind me, after 20 minutes, to wrap things up. If I had had any concerns, though, that I had just royally botched this frst impression, Alan managed to put my mind at ease during a, yes, stimulating discussion about prosopography, and upon my return to Düsseldorf, I received a letter in which Alan had very generously included his notes from the Archivo de la Corona de Aragón in Barcelona concerning the Templar Peter of Castellón. A few years later, in 2003, Alan, Helen, and I met up in Warsaw to travel to the Ordines Militares conference in Toruń together (a ‘frst’for all three of us,I believe).
While Alan and Helen had arrived in Warsaw after a comparatively short fight from the U.K., I had been ‘en route’ from southern California (via Chicago) for well over 20 hours. For reasons I wish I could remember, we decided to take the bus to Toruń (instead of the train), which added another 6 hours to the journey, but, at least in retrospect, time passed rather quickly due to, yet again, our fascinating conversations (during which, I should add, Alan deplored the fact that my ‘German’ English accent had been impacted by my move to the U.S.). In 2006, Alan very graciously agreed to write the introduction to International Mobility in the Military Orders, a collection of essays that Helen and I had edited together. In the years between 2007 and 2014, the 700th anniversary of the ‘Templerprozess’ (I am happy to say that the German term is still safe to use), Alan, Helen, and I had another round of intriguing conversations, some in person, some over e-mail, and some in critical response to assertions circulating at the time that the Templars must have been guilty and their Order in a state of decay.
So, as it turns out, many of my encounters with Alan, for which I am immensely grateful, were also encounters with Helen;it seems,therefore,rather ftting that Helen and I have the privilege of serving as editors of Alan’s Festschrift. The wide affection in which Alan Forey is held by international scholarship and the international impact of his research are refected in the range of contributors to this volume. Articles by Bellomo, Borchardt, Bonet Donato, Burgtorf, and García-Guijarro refect Alan’s detailed research into and analysis of primary sources: the papers by Borchardt and Bonet Donato refect his studies on the military-religious orders in the Crown of Aragon, while Bellomo’s article builds on his early research on the Spanish order of Mountjoy and García-Guijarro builds on his work on Templar knights and sergeants in an examination of the Templars’ normative documents relating to Templar sergeants. Bronstein, Edbury, Lotan, and Luttrell build on Alan’s work on the military orders, the crusades, and the eastern Mediterranean, while articles by Demurger and Josserand refect his research on the trial of the Templars.
Five further papers move beyond the geographical and chronological bounds of Alan’s research, while still exploring themes familiar from his work: detailed analysis of primary sources and the military-religious orders’ relations with the Church and State. Majoros considers the English Hospitallers’ reaction to a papal demand in 1338 for a report on their income and expenditure; Leighton compares the Teutonic Order’s castles in the Baltic to those in the Holy Land; Housley and Sarnowsky consider the Teutonic Order’s activities in the Baltic in the ffteenth century, while Nicholson considers the Hospitallers’ exploitation of their exemptions in England in the sixteenth century. In compiling this volume,it is the contributors’and editors’intention to honour the great scholarship of a friend and fellow-researcher. We hope that the articles here will both interest him and contribute towards further research into the military-religious orders, to which he has dedicated his career.
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