Download PDF | (Warfare in History) John B. Hattendorf, Richard W. Unger (eds.) - War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance-The Boydell Press (2003).
294 Pages
Richard Unger identifies two periods in the development of navies between 1000 and 1650 in Europe, the first running from the late tenth to the thirteenth century, when naval activity was carried on by militias and locai figures, including ship-owners and merchants, and the second running from the thirteenth to the seventeenth century, a period which saw the growth of entrepreneurial navies, the development of states, and increasing government interest in farce at sea.
Wide-ranging in piace and time, yet tightly focused on particular concerns, these new and originai specialist articles show how observations on the early history of warfare based on the relatively stable conditions of the late seventeenth century ignare the realities of war at sea in the middle ages and renaissance. In these studies, naval historians firmly grounded in the best current understanding of the period take account of developments i _ n ships, guns and the language of pubhc policy on war at sea, and in so doing give a stimulating introduction to five hundred years of mari time violence in Europe. It becomes evident that naval warfare assumed many forms, from the practice of piracy and its suppression, to the politically-motivated protection and extension of commerce, and the use of Continued on back fiap Far contents and contributors, see back of jacket. Jacket illustration: The battle of Sandwich, 1217. From Matthew Paris, Historia Maior, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, MS 16, f52.
warships (both privately and publidv a.sa complement to military· operations on land. The geographical range of the studi es is wide, from the examination of nani militias in the Baltic to the Fiorentine navy of the Medici. Taken as a whole, the volume clearly demonstrates the complex and varied nature of war at sea .
CONTRIBUTORS
Michel Balard is professor of Medieval History at the University of Paris I. Among his principal works are the two-volume Genes et I 'Outre-mer ( 1973-1980), the two volume La Romanie génoise (Xlle-déhut du XVe siècle) ( 1978), the thrce-volume Genova e /'Oltremare ( 1983-1988), Les Croisades ( 1988), Le Journal de hord de Christophe Colomh ( 1992), Autour de la Première Croisade ( 1996 ), Le Partage du monde ( 1998), and Les Pays d'islam et le monde latin (Xe Xllle sièc/es). Textes et documents (2000), Croisades et Orient latin Xle--Xl Ve siècle (200 I ).
Jan Bill is senior rcsearcher at the Ccntrc for Maritime Archaeology at the National Muscum of Dcnmark, a post he has held since 1998. Born in 1961 in Birkernd, Dcnmark, hc carncd a Cand. Phil. dcgrec in archaeology from the University of Copcnhagcn 1993, and his doctorate from the same univcrsity in 1998, with a disscrtation on locai and regional seafaring in Denmark in the Middle Agcs. Hc has contributed to severa( Danish and internationally published books on scafaring, including the authoritative Dansk so/ari.\' historie ('History of Danish Scafaring') publishcd in 1997.
Francisco Domingues lcctures on Portuguesc naval history and thc history of cxpansion at thc Univcrsity of Lisbon. He has publishcd a numbcr of books and articlcs on thosc subjccts, including the volume A carreira da India I The India Run ( 1998) and was coordinator of thc two-volume Dicionario de història dos descohrimentos portugueses (Dictionary for thc History of Portuguese Discovcrics) ( I 994 ). He is a membcr of the board of directors of the lnternational Committec for the History ofNautical Science and Hydrography. John Dotson is professor of history at Southern Illinois University, Carbondalc. Hc was editor and translator of Merchant Culture in Fourteenth-Century Veni ce: The Zibaldone da Canal ( 1994) and, with Aldo Agosto, Christopher Co/umhus ami His Fami(v ( 1998). He has also written a number of articles and chaptcrs on Italian maritime trade and naval affairs during the late Middle Ages and the carly Rcnaissance. Bernard Doumerc is professor of medieval history at the University of Toulouse, France. A specialist in the history of the Mediterranean world, hc has collaborated on a number of works, including the ten-volume La storia di Venezia, and has published Venise et /'émirat haf.i.ide de Tunis 1235 1535 ( I 999).
lan Friel is curator of thc Chichcstcr District Muscum, West Susscx. From 1977 to 1988, hc workcd as a mcdicval historian al thc National Maritimc Museum, Greenwich, serving as research coordinator of the museum's Armada exhibit and was a co-editor of the exhibition catalogue, Armada 1588-1988. From 1988 to 1992, he was exhibition manager for the Mary Rose Trust at Portsmouth. He is the author of The Good Ship: Ships, Shipbuilding and Technology in England, 1200-1520 (1995). Marco Gemignani currently teaches naval history at the Naval Academy of the ltalian Navy. Born in 1966, he gained a first-class degree at the University of Pisa and successfully completed a doctorate in military history at the University of Padua and postdoctoral studies in historical and philosophical sciences at the University of Pisa. He has published a book about the life of one of the most significant admirals of the navy of the Order of St Stephen, li cavaliere Jacopo lnghirami al servizio dei granduchi di Toscana ( 1996 ), and has written severa I articles and essays for specialist magazines about naval history from the sixteenth century to the present. A member of the Società di storia militare, he has been for many years a voluntary rcsearch assistant in military history.
Jan Glete is professor of history at Stockholm Univcrsity, Sweden. Born in 1947, he earned his doctorate at Stockholm in 1975. His main areas of research are Swedish industriai and financial history, technology and complex organisations and early modern naval history and state formation. His recent published work includes Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in /:'umpe and America (/500 -1860) (1993) and War/àre al Sea, 1500-1650: ,\laritime Conflicts and the Transformation o/Europe (2000) . .
John B. Hattendorf is the Ernest J. King Professor of Maritime History at the I JS Naval War College, Newport, Rhode lsland. A graduate of Kenyon College, hc carned his master's degree at Brown University and his doctorate at the I Jniversity of Oxford. The author, co-author, editor, or co-editor of more than thirty books in the field of maritime history, he has received an honorary dol'lorate from Kenyon College and the Caird meda) of thc National Mariti me Museum, Greenwich. In an adjunct position, he is a mcmbcr of the faculty of the Munson lnstitute of American Maritime Studies, Mystic Seaport, Connecticut, :111d served as its director, 1996-200 I. Among his current projects, he is l'ditor-in-chicf of the forthcoming Oxford Encyc/opedia of Maritime Histo,y. Nil'ls Lund is professor of Medieval History at the University of Copenhagen. I k received his degrec in history and archaeology from the University of Aarhus 111 I %9 and was awardcd thc golden meda I of the University of Copenhagen for :1 thcsis on the Vikings in England I 968. Among his appointments, he has been l\ritish Council Research Fellow in the University of Leeds in 1973-5 and kl'tmcr in history al Copcnhagen University from 1975, where he was promoted lo prof'cssor in 1998. I lis puhlicalions are mainly focuscd on Vikings in Scandi11;1via :md in 1 :ngland; thcy include scholarly articlcs, popular hooks, and translations ol' originai sourccs from Latin and Old l :nglish. Among them is a full �111dy ol' Scandinavian mcdicval military organisalion, puhlishcd in 1996
Lawrence Mott is at thc Centcr for Maritime and Regional Studies, University of Southern Dcnmark. Hc carned his master's degree in nautica! archaeology at Texas A&M University in 1992 and his doctorate in history at the University of Minnesota in 1999. He has published ninc articles covering aspects ofmedieval lberian naval and mariti mc history and a book, The Development of the Rudder: A Technological Tale ( 1996 ).
John H. Pryor is Associate Professor in the Centre for Medieval Studies and the Department of History of the Univcrsity of Sydney, Australia. He is the author of many articles and of chaptcrs contributcd to books on medicval Mediterranean naval warfarc, maritime commerce, and the logistics of crusading by sea. His major publication is Geography, Technology and War: Studies in the Mari time History of'the Mediterranean, 649-15 71 ( I 987). For the past decade he has been working on a major study of the Ayzantine navy to be cntitled The Dromon: Terminology and Reali(v. N. A. M. Rodger is Professor of Naval History at thc Univcrsity of Exeter. He was formcrly Anderson Rcscarch Fellow ofthc National Maritime Museum, and bcfore that an assistant kccper in thc Public Record Office. The Safèguard ofthe Sea, the first volume of his naval history of Britain, was published in 1997. Timothy Runyan is director of the Program in Mariti me History and Nautica] Archaeology at East Carolina University, Grecnvillc, North Carolina. He served as editor of The Amerirnn Neptune, a Quarlerly Journaf ol Mari/ime History. His publications include fatmpean Naval and Mari/ime llistory, 300-1500 (with A. R. Lewis). Louis Sicking is an assistant professor in medicval history at Leiden University. Horn in 1966, hc studied history in Leidcn and Aix-cn-Provence and obtaincd thc diploma of archivist, first class, at thc National School of Archives in the Netherlands. His doctoral thesis, Zeemacht en onmacht: maritieme politiek in de Nederlanden, 1488--1558, was published in Amsterdam in 1998. He has bcen a visiting scholar at Columbia University in New York and a fellow of the Royal Nethcrlands Academy of Arts and Sciences at Leiden University. His research interests include maritime history, the history of discoveries and European expansion, and the Nethcrlands in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, topics on whieh he has recently published severa] articles. Richard W. Unger is a professor in the history department ofthe University of British Columbia. He has published work on the history of medieval and early modem ships and shipping as well as on the history oftechnology in the Netherlands, especially the history of brewing.
PREFACE
This book aims to serve both as a corrective to the older English-language interpretations of sea power in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance and as a generai work on naval and maritime history in the period. The objective here is to draw broad conclusions on the role and characteristics of armed force at sea before 1650, conclusions that exploit the best current understanding of the medieval period. While this volume does not claim to be a comprehensive attempt at understanding the naval history of Europe from the late Roman Empire to the mid-seventeenth century, it may serve as a guide to suggest why the period is both important and unique. In addition, since this volume is not an exhaustive study of those years, the editors hope that it will serve as a stimulus for further work on the generai theme as well as on specific aspects of warfare at sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance that we were unable to include here.
The use of armed force at sea during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in Europe needs reconsideration. New research and new thinking about the broad nature of sea warfare in these periods, as well as a new understanding about the ships used, has created the need for a more generai scholarly reappraisal. The development of scuba gear made possible, from the 1950s on, investigations of shipwrecks under water, which rapidly expanded knowledge of the history of ship design. The growth in that knowledge brought even more clearly into focus the absence of the discussion of technology and its impact on naval history, at least for the centuries before the introduction of steam. Rccent history has focused attention on the different ways of reading what governments said, on the sometimes ignored language of policy makers and lhc impact of that language on naval history. Without question, changes in ships had a significant effect on naval power in the years before 1650, in the cra before permanent navies existed in nation-states such as France, Spain, England, and the Netherlands. It was examining the effects of the technical changcs that opencd a more generai discussion of naval forces.
The centrai question has long been thc dcgrce to which ideas and theories about command or the sca, dcrivcd from the study of a later peri od, can and ought to be applied lo what pcoplc did, thought, and said in thc ycars"between the fall of the Roman Empire and thc Anglo-Dutch naval wars beginning in the midscvcnleenth cenlury. This book grew out or testing ideas about medieval naval history, a process thai has expanded in scope with every stage. The project hegan with discussion or the centrai issues in a session al the American I listorical Association meeting in New York ( 'ity in I 91 J7, which reccivcd a vcry positive rcsponsc. The papcrs and discussion bi lo puhlication ofan articlc latcr in thc samc ycar hascd on the results of the session, 1 which in turn led to the organisation of a full-scale conference on the topic. The fact that a number of scholars on both sides of the Atlantic have independently become involved in the study of medieval and Renaissance maritime history in recent years created an opportunity to draw on a range of new work. Fortunately it was possible to enlist the help and cooperation of the prominent naval historian Francisco Contente Domingues of the University of Lisbon.
Through his participation in the organisation of the conference and under the auspices of the Fondaçao Oriente, it became possible to hold the meeting at Arrabida, Portugal, in February 2000. The precise nature of the centrai issue of the conference dictated a highly directed and concentrated effort on the part of participants. They were to focus on the issues and an understanding of the uses of armed farce at sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, taking the older literature as a starting point or a foil for a re-evaluation of the topics of farce, power and the sea, the roots, functions, and the concept of naval power. Before the meeting participants received a preliminary outline of topics for discussion, enabling a more fruitful discussion; and further papers were commissioned to give a broader overview of the subject, and to provide a broader balance to the present volume.
This volume specifically aims to make a substantial contribution to historical knowledge in raising new questions about the origins, development and practice of naval warfare. lts purpose is to search for new and alternative interpretations of naval history through a multi-pronged approach that uses comparative history, tests theoretical propositions, and promotes new historical research. By comparing and contrasting naval activities in northern Europe with those in southern Europe in the light of naval theory, for example, there is opportunity to see well-known events in a new and different light. The broad aspects of current naval theory can suggest some alternative interpretations to historical questions, while a new look at the medieval and Renaissance periods provides a convenient opportunity to challenge and to modify theory. In the years from the tenth to the sixteenth century war at sea was not primarily a monopoly of states, but it saw the beginnings of the transition toward that development. Why and how this occurred, as well as the nature of war at sea both before and after this development, are fundamental fcatures for consideration. In asking whether or not there was any naval thought at ali in medieval Western Europe, a recent writer concluded, 'the study of naval thought in the Middlc Ages remains an ocean to discover' . 2
This volume does not by any means exhaust the subject. Among the many additional subjects that deserve more detailed treatment within a broad account of medieval and Renaissance naval history is the survival of Vegetius' De Re Militari, written in the fourth century, with its single short chapter on naval tactics as part of a larger discussion of military manoeuvres. Although scholars knew about it, that work seems to bave played a very small practical role for those who went to sea in Western Europe during most of the medieval period. The work did find a new audience by the seventeenth century, a reflection of the development of modem navies.3 There are, of course, other aspects of naval warfare in the period not explored in this volume: the actions of the Hanseatic League;4 the development of French armed force at sea;5 the extensive naval activity undertaken by the Knights of St John at Malta against the corsairs of North Africa; and the use of armed vessels by the chartered trading companies. Despite these omissions from the detailed examinations presented in this volume, we believe that it is stili possible to discern some patterns and draw some generai conclusions about the nature of war at sea during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. John B. Hattendorf Naval War College Newport, Rhode Island, USA Richard W. Unger University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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