Download PDF | Ergün Laflı - Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Bronzes from Anatolia and Neighbouring Regions-BAR Publishing (2021).
463 Pages
Foreword
Maurizio Buora
Dr Maurizio Buora (Societa Friulana di Archeologia, Udine) Via Gorizia 16, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
This volume has its main focus on Anatolia. The archaeological heritage of that region is immense and far from being completely known and above all studied. Ergtin Lafli is one of the few —I would say very few — scholars in Turkey who has the clear intention of promoting the study of important parts of this heritage and at the same time of increasing knowledge, especially abroad, about the results achieved by Turkish scholars. This double aspect of his intense activity is reflected in the conception of this volume, which is part of a now conspicuous series edited by him, dedicated to the study and dissemination of important groups of material culture of ancient Anatolia.
Of the forty-five papers, that make up this volume, many are the work of young scholars, mostly from Turkey; they are joined by others from e.g. Georgia, Greece, Iran, Italy, Serbia, Slovenia and the USA. The topic, of extreme importance, is addressed here over a very long period of time from the Hittites to the Byzantine age, with a main focus on Greek and Roman bronzes.
After that, for many decades, a large part of the archaeological heritage of Asia Minor has been investigated - with excavations and research — and studied above all by international scholars, Western European and North American, it is very significant that a large group of competent scholars from Turkey appear in an international scenario.
Those who follow the research’s advancement in this region know that scientific production here is very abundant, but largely written in Turkish and therefore scarcely accessible for those living abroad. On the other hand, researchers from the Anatolian area too often seem to ignore the studies published outside of their country, which would be extremely useful for them. The union between the national and international realities, which Ergiin Lafli often seeks, appears in this case as a happy and fruitful contamination.
Some essays are completely preliminary presentations, which await a later study; others, on the other hand, refer to complexes of objects which have long entered in the archaeological literature, such as Allianoi’s surgical instruments or Urartian plates from Giyimli, which have long wide literature. Overall the book offer an articulated image of the intellectual vivacity of the local archaeological research.
Udine, June 1, 2021
Abstract and Keywords in English, French, German, Italian and Turkish
Abstract: In this book Greek, Roman, and Byzantine bronzes from Anatolia and neighbouring regions are subjected. The book focuses on bronze and other metal finds from several ancient sites of Asia Minor and other regions in the Mediterranean. It consists of four main parts and 45 papers in total which deal with various genres of ancient bronze material.
In the first part the focus is Pre-Greek bronzes from Anatolia. Presented sites and museums are as follows (in alphabetical order): Museum of Afyonkarahisar, Bogazkéy-HattuSa, Cemialo, Museum of Karaman, Kastamonu, Nif-Olympus and Museum of Sanliurfa.
In the second part the focus is Greek, Roman, and Byzantine bronzes from Anatolia. Presented sites and museums are as follows (in alphabetical order): Allianoi, Ancyra, Arycanda, Cremna, Ephesus, Juliopolis, Isparta and Olba.
In the third part the focus is the bronzes from neighbouring regions. Presented sites, museums and countries are as follows (in alphabetical order): Phocian Anticyra in Greece, Gonio-Apsarus in Georgia, K6hn Pasgah Tepesi in Iran, Luzzi and Bisignano in Italy, Persepolis in Iran, Sillene in Italy, Sljivovac in Serbia, Slovenia, Timacum Maius in Serbia, Vani in Georgia and Upper Moesia.
In the fourth part a common bibliography for the bronze researches in Asia Minor and neighbouring regions have been created.
Thus, the book offers numerous unpublished materials as well as new insights into the bronze archaeology of Anatolia as well as the rest of the ancient eastern Mediterranean.
Keywords: Ancient bronzes, metals, implements, figurines, lamps, ancient Greek archaeology, Roman archaeology, Byzantine archaeology, Anatolia, Asia Minor, Turkey, Greece, Italy, eastern Mediterranean, Black Sea area, Balkans, southeastern Europe, ancient Near East.
Résumé — Bronzes grecs, romains et byzantins d’Anatolie et des régions voisines: Dans cette monographie, les bronzes grecs, romains et byzantins d’Anatolie et des régions voisines sont présentés. La monographie se concentre sur les découvertes en bronze et autres métaux provenant de plusieurs sites antiques d’Asie Mineure et du pourtour méditerranéen. La monographie est composée de quatre parties principales et de 45 articles au total, lesquels traitent de divers genres d’ objets en bronze la plupart.
Dans la premiere partie, |’accent est mis sur les bronzes pré-grecs d’ Anatolie. Les sites et musées présentés sont les suivants (par ordre alphabétique): Musée d’Afyonkarahisar, Bogazkéy-HattuSa, la créte de Cemialo, Musée de Karaman Kastamonu et Musée de Sanliurfa.
Dans la deuxiéme partie, |’accent est mis sur les bronzes grecs, romains et byzantins d’ Anatolie. Les sites et musées présentés sont les suivants (par ordre alphabétique): Allianoi, Musée d’ Amasra, Arycanda, Cremna, Ephése, Juliopolis, Musée d’Isparta, Musée de Kahramanmaras, Nicomédie, Nif-Olympus et Olba.
Dans la troisi¢me partie, |’accent est mis sur les bronzes des régions voisines. Les sites, musées et pays présentés sont les suivants (par ordre alphabétique): Phocéenne Antikyra en Greéce, Gonio-Apsaros en Georgie, K6hn Pasgah Tepesi en Iran, Luzzi et Bisignano en Italie, en Mésie Supérieure, Persepolis en Iran, Sillene en Italie, Sljivovac en Serbie, Slovénie, Timacum Maius en Serbie et Vani en Géorgie.
Dans la quatri¢me partie, une bibliographie commune pour les recherches sur les bronzes en Asie Mineure et dans les régions voisines a été créée.
Le livre offre de nombreux matériaux inédits ainsi que de nouvelles perspectives sur l’archéologie du bronze d’ Anatolie ainsi que sur le reste de l’ancienne Méditerranée orientale. Le livre présente de
nombreux inédits et offre de nouvelles perspectives pour la recherche archéologique sur les objets en bronze pour les périodes antique et médiévale découvert(e)s sur le pourtour méditerranéen.
Mot-clefs: Bronzes antiques, métaux, instruments, figurines, lampes, archéologie grecque antique, archéologie romaine, archéologie byzantine, Anatolie, Asie mineure, Turquie, Gréce, Italie, Méditerranée orientale, région de la mer Noire, Balkans, Europe du sud-est, ancien Proche-Orient.
Zusammenfassung — Griechische, rémische und byzantinische Bronzen aus Anatolien und den angrenzenden Regionen: In diesem Buch werden griechische, r6mische und byzantinische Bronzen aus Anatolien und den angrenzenden regionen behandelt. Das Buch konzentriert sich auf Bronze- und andere Metallfunde aus mehreren antiken Statten Kleinasiens und anderen regionen des Mittelmeers. Es besteht aus vier Hauptteilen und insgesamt 45 Aufsatzen, die sich mit verschiedenen Sorten antiken Bronzematerials befassen.
Im ersten Teil stehen vorgriechische Bronzen aus Anatolien im Mittelpunkt. Die prasentierten Orte und Museen sind wie folgt (in alphabetischer Reihenfolge): Afyonkarahisar (Museum), BogazkéyHattuSa, Cemialo, Karaman (Museum), Kastamonu, Nif-Olympus und Sanliurfa (Museum).
Im zweiten Teil stehen griechische, rémische und byzantinische Bronzen aus Anatolien im Mittelpunkt. Die présentierten Orte und Museen sind wie folgt (in alphabetischer Reihenfolge): Allianoi, Ankyra, Arykanda, Amasra (Museum), Kremna, Hadrianopolis, [uliopolis, Kahramanmaras (Museum) und Olba.
Im dritten Teil stehen die Bronzen aus Nachbarregionen im Fokus. Die prasentierten Orte, Museen und Lander sind wie folgt (in alphabetischer Reihenfolge): das Phokische Antikyra (Griechenland), Gonio-Kastellum-Apsaros (Georgien), K6hn Pasgah Tepesi (Iran), Luzzi und Bisignano (Italien), Persepolis (Iran), Sillene (Italien), Sljivovac (Serbien), Slowenien, Timacum Maius (Serbien), Vani (Georgien) und Obermoesien.
Im vierten Teil wurde eine gemeinsame Bibliographie fiir die Bronzeforschung in Kleinasien und den angrenzenden regionen erstellt.
So bietet das Buch zahlreiche unver6ffentlichte Materialien sowie neue Einblicke in die Welt antiker Bronzegegenstande in Anatolien, aber auch weiterer regionen des dstlichen Mittelmeers.
Schliisselw6rter: Antike Bronzen, Metalle, Gerate, Figuren, Lampen, Antike, griechische Archéologie, rémische Archaologie, byzantinische Archdologie, Anatolien, Kleinasien, Tiirkei, Griechenland, Italien, 6stliches Mittelmeer, Schwarzmeerraum, Balkan, Siidosteuropa, alter Naher Osten.
Riassunto — Bronzi greci, romani e bizantini dell’ Anatolia e delle regioni limitrofe: Oggetto di questo volume sono bronzi greci, romani e bizantini dell’ Anatolia e delle regioni limitrofe. I libro si concentra sui reperti in bronzo e altri metalli provenienti da diversi siti antichi dell’ Asia Minore e di altre regioni del Mediterraneo. Esso si compone di quattro parti principali e 45 contributi che trattano vari generi di oggetti di bronzo.
Nella prima parte il focus é sui bronzi pre-greci dell’ Anatolia. I siti e i musei presentati sono i seguenti (in ordine alfabetico): Museo di Afyonkarahisar, Bogazk6y-HattuSa, Cemialo, Museo di Karaman, Kastamonu, Nif-Olympus e Museo di Sanhiurfa.
Nella seconda parte il focus é sui bronzi greci, romani e bizantini dell’ Anatolia. I siti e 1 musei presentati sono i seguenti (in ordine alfabetico): Allianoi, Ankyra, Arykanda, Museo di Amasra, Kremna, Hadrianopolis, Juliopolis, Museo di Kahramanmaras e Olba.
Nella terza parte l’attenzione si rivolge ai bronzi delle regioni limitrofe. I siti, musei e paesi presentati sono i seguenti (in ordine alfabetico): Antikyra in Grecia, Gonio-Apsarus in Georgia, Kohn Pasgah Tepesi in Iran, Luzzi e Bisignano in Italia, Persepolis in Iran, Sillene in Italia, Sljivovac in Serbia, Slovenia, Timacum Maius in Serbia, Vani in Georgia e Alta Mesia.
Nella quarta parte ¢ stata collocata la bibliografia comune per le ricerche sul bronzo in Asia Minore e regioni limitrofe.
Pertanto, il libro offre numerosi materiali inediti e nuove informazioni sull’archeologia del bronzo dell’ Anatolia e dell’antico Mediterraneo orientale.
Parole chiave: Bronzi antichi, metalli, strumenti, statuette, lucerne, archeologia greca antica, archeologia romana, archeologia bizantina, Anatolia, Asia Minore, Turchia, Grecia, Italia, Mediterraneo orientale, area del Mar Nero, Balcani, Europa sud-orientale, antico Vicino Oriente.
Ozet — Anadolu ve Cevresinden Antik Yunan, Roma ve Bizans Bronz Buluntulari: Bu kitapta Anadolu ve cevre bélgelerden Yunan, Roma ve Bizans bronzlan konu edilmektedir. Kitapta, Kictik Asya’nin cesitli antik bélgelerinden ve Akdeniz’ deki diger b6lgelerden elde edilen bronz ve diger metal buluntulara odaklanilmistir. Dért ana béliimden ve ¢esitli antik bronz malzeme tiirlerini ele alan toplam 45 makaleden olusur.
ilk béliimde odak noktasi Anadolu’dan Yunan éncesi bronzlardir. Sunulan yerler ve miizeler asagidaki gibidir (alfabetik sirayla): Afyonkarahisar Muizesi, Bogazk6y-HattuSa, Cemialo, Karaman Miizesi, Kastamonu, Nif-Olympos ve Sanliurfa Miizesi.
Ikinci béliimde ise Anadolu’dan Yunan, Roma ve Bizans bronzlarina odaklanilmistir. Sunulan yerler ve miizeler sunlardir (alfabetik sirayla): Allianoi, Ankyra, Arykanda, Juliopolis, Kremna ve Olba.
Uciincii béliimde Anadolu’ ya komsu iilkelerin metal buluntulari konu edilmistir. Tanitilan yerlesim yerleri, miizeler ve tilkeler asagidaki gibidir (alfabetik sirayla): Giircistan’da Gonio KalesiApsaros, Giircistan’da Vani ve Yukari Moesia, [ran’da Kohn Pasgah Tepesi, iran’da Persepolis, Italya’da Luzzi ve Bisignano, italya’da Sillene, Sirbistan’da Sljivovac, Slovenya, Sirbistan’da Timacum Maius, Yunanistan’da Phokia Antikyra.
Dé6rdiincti béliimde Kiictik Asya ve komsu bélgelerdeki bronz arastirmalar1 i¢in ortak bir kaynakca olusturulmustur.Bu nedenle kitap, cok sayida yayinlanmamis materyalin yam sira Anadolu’nun bronz arkeolojisi ve eski Dogu Akdeniz’in geri kalani hakkinda yeni bilgiler sunmaktadir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Bronz objeler, metal objeler, aletler, figiirinler, kandiller, Antik Yunan
arkeolojisi, Roma arkeolojisi, Bizans arkeolojisi, Anadolu, Tiirkiye, Yunanistan, italya, DoSu Akdeniz, Karadeniz Bélgesi, Balkanlar, Gineydogu Avrupa, eski Yakindogu uygarliklar1.
Introduction
Ergiin Lafli
Professor Ergtin Lafli (Dokuz Eyliil University, Izmir) Dokuz Eyliil Universitesi, Edebiyat Fakiiltesi, Arkeoloji Boliimii, Tinaztepe/Kaynaklar Yerleskesi, Buca, TR-35160 Izmir, Turkey
Bronze finds are patchy, unsuccesfully documented and generally not well-known in Turkey in comparison with Greece and Italy. The number of studies is fewer than in Italy and Greece, even though there are several hundreds of excavations, museums and surveys across Turkey with thousands of bronze finds of almost all periods. The art of Greek, Roman, and Byzantine bronzes from Anatolia is not widely known and the number of publications on Bronze and Iron Age examples is larger than the classical and Byzantine bronzes. Most of the previous literature on Greek, Roman, and Byzantine bronzes from Anatolia is based only on excavation reports. In Turkey the main sites for the study of bronze finds of the Early Byzantine period are Ephesus and Sardis (fig. 1.1). So far, very few catalogues of such excavated finds have been created; of these, the recent publication of Andrea M. Piilz is very crucial.' Archaeometric research on bronze finds from Asia Minor have been undertaken since the 1980s, but there is still a need for research concerning production, main typologies, distribution, chronology, mining technologies etc. which have been neglected.
This book focuses on Greek, Roman, and Byzantine bronzes fromAnatoliaandneighbouring regions including bronze and other metal finds from several ancient sites of Asia Minor and other regions in the Mediterranean. It consists of four main parts and 45 papers in total. The greater part of this book concerns ancient Anatolia, but other presented countries are as follows (in alphabetical order; fig. 1.1): Georgia, Greece, Italy, Iran, Serbia and Slovenia. Presented sites and museums in Turkey are as follows (in alphabetical order; fig. 1.1): Museum of Afyonkarahisar, Allianoi, Arycanda, Bogazkéy-HattuSa, Cremna, Ephesus, Juliopolis, Kastamonu, Museum of Isparta, Museum of Karaman, Nicomedia, Nif-Olympus, Museum of Sanliurfa and Olba; and in other countries (in alphabetical order; fig. 1.1): Phocian Anticyra in Greece, Gonio Fortress-Apsarus in Georgia, Kéhn Pasgah Tepesi in Iran, Luzzi and Bisignano in Italy, Persepolis in Iran, Sillene in Italy, Sljivovac in Serbia, Slovenia, Timacum Maius in Serbia, Vani in Georgia and Upper Moesia.
Examples of the following bronze groups are dealt in this book: figurines, finger rings, lamps, inscribed objects, vessels, statues, surgical instruments and other genres of instrumenta domestica. The book also covers folllowing periods (chronologically): the Hittite period, Late Bronze Age, second millennium BC., Iron Age, Geometric period, Archaic period, Classical period, Hellenistic period, Roman period, Early Byzantine period and Middle Byzantine period. Although our focus in this book is Greek, Roman, and Byzantine periods, a few papers dealt with the second millennium BC. and include Near Eastern bronzes. Lead, silver, gold and other metals are excluded from this book. There are also some papers dealing with archaeometric (chapter 43) and other technical issues (chapters 35 and 42).
All the references used in this book are collected in a joint bibliography in part 4. The aim was to summarise all previous main works on Greek, Roman, and Byzantine bronzes from Anatolia and neighbouring regions.
A few of the present papers were presented or offered to the 17th International Congress of Ancient Bronzes which was held in 2011 in Izmir, Turkey (figs. 1.2-3). The abstracts booklet of this congress was published in 2011.*
All the papers are in English, each with abstracts and keywords both in English and Turkish. Chapters 9 and 42 were originally in German, but translated by myself into English. At the beginning of the book we have abstracts and keywords in English, French, German, Italian and Turkish.
Abbreviations are applied through the whole book and listed at the beginning. A list of figures has been added in one single unit at the beginning for whole book.
The preparation of this book spanned from May 2018 to January 2021 without any interruption. In May 2018 BAR Publishing Ltd. accepted our proposal to publish this book in BAR Int. Ser. The text was finally submitted to Oxford on | March 2021. Both Coronavirus disease pandemic and the earthquake in Izmir in 2020 have, however, made its preparation more difficult.
I would like to thank for the following persons for various help (in alphabetical order): Dr Maurizio Buora (Udine), Dr Eva Christof (Graz), Ms Alev Cetingéz (Izmir), Dr Ruth Fisher (Oxford), Dr Gillseren Kan Sahin (Sinop), Professor Stephen Mitchell (Berlin), Ms Allison Siegenthaler (London) and Professor Hugo Thoen (Deinze / Ghent).
Istanbul, June 1, 2021
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