Download PDF | Political Culture In The Latin West, Byzantium And The Islamic World, C. 700–c. 1500 A Framework For Comparing Three Spheres
555 Pages
Political Culture in the Latin West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, c.700–c.1500 This comparative study explores three key cultural and political spheres – the Latin west, Byzantium and the Islamic world from Central Asia to the Atlantic – roughly from the emergence of Islam to the fall of Constantinople. These spheres drew on a shared pool of late antique Mediterranean culture, philosophy and science, and they had monotheism and historical antecedents in common. Yet where exactly political and spiritual power lay, and how it was exercised, differed.
This book focuses on power dynamics and resource-allocation among ruling elites; the legitimisation of power and property with the aid of religion; and on rulers’ interactions with local elites and societies. Offering the reader route-maps towards navigating each sphere and grasping the fundamentals of its political culture, this set of parallel studies offers a timely and much-needed framework for comparing the societies surrounding the medieval Mediterranean. Catherine Holmes is Professor of Medieval History at the University of Oxford. Her books include Basil II and the Governance of Empire 976–1025 (2005) and she co-edited Literacy, Education and Manuscript Transmission in Byzantium and Beyond (2002) with Judith Waring, Between Byzantines and Turks (2012) with Jonathan Harris and Eugenia Russell, and The Global Middle Ages (2018) with Naomi Standen. Jonathan Shepard was Lecturer in History at the University of Cambridge. He is the author of The Emergence of Rus (1996) with Simon Franklin, with whom he co-edited Byzantine Diplomacy (1992). His edited volumes include The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire (2008; 2019), Byzantium and the Viking World (2016) with Fedir Androshchuk and Monica White, Imperial Spheres and the Adriatic (2018) with Mladen Ancˇić and Trpimir Vedriš, and Viking-Age Trade (2020) with Jacek Gruszczyń ski and Marek Jankowiak. Jo Van Steenbergen is Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at Ghent University.
He is the author of Order out of Chaos (2006), Caliphate and Kingship in a Fifteenth-Century Literary History of Muslim Leadership and Pilgrimage (2017), A History of the Islamic World, 600–1800: Empires, Dynastic Formations, and Heterogeneities in Islamic West-Asia (2020), and editor of Trajectories of State Formation across Fifteenth-Century Islamic WestAsia: Eurasian Parallels, Connections and Divergences (2020). Björn Weiler is Professor of Medieval History at Aberystwyth University. He is the author of Paths to Kingship in Medieval Latin Europe, 950–1200 (2021) and Kingship, Rebellion and Political Culture: England and Germany, c.1215–c.1250 (2007; 2011), and co-editor of How the Past was Used: Historical Cultures, c.750–2000 (2017) with Peter Lambert, Authority and Resistance in the Age of Magna Carta (Thirteenth Century England XV) (2015) with Janet Burton and Phillipp Schofield, and Representations of Power in Medieval Germany (2006) with Simon MacLean.
Contributors
eric hanne is Associate Professor at Florida Atlantic University, specialising in medieval Islamic history. He is the author of Putting the Caliph in His Place: Power, Authority and the Late Abbasid Caliphate (Madison, NJ, 2007). judith herrin is Emeritus Professor of Byzantine History at King’s College London. Her books include The Formation of Christendom (London, 1987); Women in Purple (London, 2000); Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire (London, 2007); Margins and Metropolis (Princeton, 2013); Unrivalled Influence (Princeton, 2013) and Ravenna: Capital of Empire, Crucible of Europe (London, 2020). catherine holmes is Professor of Medieval History at the University of Oxford. Her books include Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976–1025) (Oxford, 2005); (co-ed. J. Waring) Literacy, Education and Manuscript Transmission in Byzantium and Beyond (Leiden, 2002); (co-ed. J. Harris and E. Russell) Between Byzantines and Turks (Oxford, 2012); and (co-ed. N. Standen) The Global Middle Ages (Oxford, 2018). r. stephen humphreys is Professor Emeritus at the University of California Santa Barbara. His books include From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 (Albany, NY, 1977); The History of al-Tabari, XV: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate (Albany, NY, 1990); Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry (Princeton, 1991); and Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age (Berkeley, 1999; 2005). andrew marsham is Reader in Classical Arabic Studies at the University of Cambridge. He is the author of Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire (Edinburgh, 2009) and (co-ed. A. George) Power, Patronage, and Memory in Early Islam: Perspectives on Umayyad Elites (Oxford, 2018).
rosemary morris was Reader in History at the University of Manchester. Her books include Monks and Laymen in Byzantium, 843–1118 (Cambridge, 1995); (ed.) Church and People in Byzantium (Birmingham, 1995); and (with R. Jordan), The Hypotyposis of the Monastery of the Theotokos Evergetis, Constantinople (Farnham, 2012); The Life and Death of Theodore of Stoudios (Cambridge, MA, 2021). daniel power is Professor of Medieval History at Swansea University. He is the author of The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries (Cambridge, 2004); (ed.) The Central Middle Ages 900–1250 (Oxford, 2006); and (co-ed. N. Standen) Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands, 700–1700 (Basingstoke, 1999). len scales is Professor of Late Medieval History at Durham University. His publications include The Shaping of German Identity, c.1250–c.1380 (Cambridge, 2012); (co-ed. O. Zimmer) Power and the Nation in European History (Cambridge, 2005); and (co-ed. C. Given-Wilson and A. Kettle) War, Government and Aristocracy in the British Isles, c.1150–1500 (Woodbridge, 2008). jonathan shepard was Lecturer in History at the University of Cambridge. His books include (with S. Franklin) The Emergence of Rus (London, 1996) and (co-ed.) Byzantine Diplomacy (Aldershot, 1992); (ed.) The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire (Cambridge, 2008; 2019); (co-ed. F. Androshchuk and M. White) Byzantium and the Viking World (Uppsala, 2016); (co-ed. M. Ancˇićand T. Vedriš)Imperial Spheres and the Adriatic (Abingdon, 2018); and (co-ed. J. Gruszczyń ski and M. Jankowiak) Viking-Age Trade (Abingdon, 2020). jo van steenbergen is Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at Ghent University. He is the author of Order out of Chaos (Leiden, 2006); Caliphate and Kingship in a Fifteenth-Century Literary History of Muslim Leadership and Pilgrimage (Leiden, 2017); A History of the Islamic World, 600–1800: Empires, Dynastic Formations, and Heterogeneities in PreModern Islamic West-Asia (London, 2020); and editor of Trajectories of State Formation across Fifteenth-Century Islamic West-Asia: Eurasian Parallels, Connections and Divergences (Leiden, 2020). bjo¨ rn weiler is Professor of Medieval History at Aberystwyth University. His books include Paths to Kingship in Medieval Latin Europe, 950–1200 (Cambridge, 2021); Kingship, Rebellion and Political Culture: England and Germany, c.1215–c.1250 (Basingstoke, 2007; 2011); (co-ed. P. Lambert) How the Past was Used: Historical Cultures, c.750–2000 (Oxford, 2017); and (co-ed. J. Burton and P. Schofield) Authority and Resistance in the Age of Magna Carta (Thirteenth Century England XV) (Woodbridge, 2015).
Preface and Acknowledgements
We have thought long and hard about how to present political culture across the Latin west, Byzantium and the Islamic world during a period of many centuries to as wide an audience as possible. For that reason, we have tried to make proper names and technical terms accessible wherever practicable. Greek has been transliterated without diacritics. Greek forms of proper names have generally been adopted, but not where the names of people and places are very well known in their Latinised form (Nicaea instead of Nikaia, for example); familiar English forms have been preferred out of the same consideration – Athens not Athenai. Arabic diacritics have been discarded in proper names, including the opening ayn (ʿ), and only the ayn and hamza (ʾ) retained for technical terms. To help orientate the reader, reign-dates have been given after the names of key individuals. There is a brief Glossary at the end of the book: this offers a selection of technical terms and other unfamiliar words, although in general we have tried to explain these in the chapter(s) in which they are introduced. To facilitate comparisons within and between the spheres, there are extensive cross-references throughout the book. These internal references are distinguished by the use of p./pp. and occasionally n. for a footnote within the same chapter. We have tried to limit the use of quotation marks to signal words or phrases of particular significance – or which are particularly problematic – to specialists. These range from the archaic to those which are, for scholarly or political reasons, contentious or open to misunderstanding. Thus inverted commas are generally used only on the first mention in a chapter, alerting the reader that there is uncertainty around, or dispute about the legitimacy of, such terms as barbarian/barbarous/pagan, Berber, church/ state, civilising, classical/medieval Islam, the dark ages, empire/imperial, the establishment, family confederations, feudal, gunpowder empires, law/ justice, Orientalism, outsider/foreign, peace/violence, the poor/the powerful and successor states. Although it may be argued that each of these terms requires exegesis or justification, if it is not to be avoided altogether, repeated disclaimers in the form of quotation marks tend to distract or unnecessarily confuse the newcomer, even if placating the expert eye.
The running order across sections is one which is shaped by our anticipated readership. The Latin west comes first in each section, not because we deem it more important than the Islamic world or Byzantium but simply because we choose to start with the sphere which we think will be most familiar to most readers. We do not regard that sphere as the benchmark against which the other two spheres should be compared. The chapters are all self-contained, stand-alone items and can be read in any order. Many thanks are due to Liz Friend-Smith of Cambridge University Press, for her unfailing patience and support; to Ruth Boyes at the Press and Gayathri Tamilselvan at Integra for their help in seeing this volume through to print; to Barbara Hird, our indefatigable and eagle-eyed indexer; to Wade Guyitt and Beth Hamer for their copy-editing and proofreading skills; to David Cox for his superlative maps; to Ryan Kemp for his editorial assistance; and, above all, to Nicola Sigsworth for all her help with organisation and copy-editing. For help in obtaining images, thanks go to Florian Kugler of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna; to Jonathan Shea and Lucy Ruowan at Dumbarton Oaks Research Center, Washington, DC; to Adele West at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford; to Muge Kuleli and Barlas Özden Çağlayan in Oxford and Istanbul; to Anne-Catherine Biedermann and Barbara Van Kets of the Réunion des Musées Nationaux Grand Palais Agence Photo; to Ulrike Polnitzky of the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek; to Vera Schulz of the Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg; and to the Département Images at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. We thank the three anonymous readers for their responses to our initial publishing proposal: their suggestions impelled us to focus and refine our ideas. Immense thanks are also due to our extremely long-suffering authors, both for their fine contributions to this volume and for their infinite patience.
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